Meat Industry Essay Example

Meat Industry Essay The film that I decided to expound on is called Modern Meat and it is delivered by bleeding edge. The film uncovered reality with regards to the historical backdrop of our meat and sicknesses. The film clarifies how the US meat industry was significantly change in the mid 19 50s to build efficiency just as benefit. This procedure would have proceeded in the event that it wasn’t for the large episode that got the public’s consideration. The episode that was an e coli flare-up happened in 1993; this flare-up disseminated contaminated meat through a cheap food chain called Jack in the box.The reason this radicalized the business is on the grounds that before this food contamination was considered to just purpose stomach throbs and minor manifestations yet in this flare-up had four lethal setbacks which were kids and influenced about 700 individuals. During the 1950s the American meat industry began changing the eating routine of dairy cattle taking care of them corn as opp osed to taking care of them grass. This change effectsly affected the bovines they developed a lot quicker. This impact made the bovine raisers a great deal of cash since it mean less turnover time from the time the dairy cattle is conceived until they are killed and sold.Cows that are taken care of grass develop to a development rate where they get killed at the period of around four or five years of age. Dairy animals that are taken care of corn are completely developed and killed at fourteen years old months. This adjustment in industry has been entirely productive yet at the expense of the bovines wellbeing and assimilation. The corn influences the cow’s assimilation in light of the fact that cow’s processing is worked to process grass not corn. The second large change in the business that happened during the 1950s was in the development of dairy animals from green fields to taking care of parcels. The issue with the taking care of parcels is that the bovines are c ompelled to live in fertilizer they rest walk all over manure.Feed parts increment the capacity of microorganism to be passed from dairy animals to cow. In these feed parts it evaluated that up to ? of bovines have e coli microorganisms in their stomach. Numerous bovines have medical problems and to battle this farmers buys in any event half of anti-infection agents sold in the U. S to place into the dairy animals food to assist them with battling infections. The dairy animals are eating these anti-infection agents and it is influencing us since we eat the bovines, people are getting impervious to anti-toxins and an enormous piece of the fault is going in to the meat business. Conditions in the pressing plant have an immediate effect on sanitation amburgers used to be the extra meat from butchering one dairy animals, yet now burgers originate from numerous bovines which imply that we are possibly getting more microscopic organisms in our meat. The jack in the crate case uncovered th at meat review program had not changed since 1906. After the episode Jack in the container actualized a framework called HACCP wich was made by NASA when they were attempting to stay away from food contamination in space journeys. HASSP is quality control unit is diminishes the chance of serving meat with diseases purchase actualizing exacting rules the meat pressing plant needs to follow.Some of these rules call for: burgers to get cooked completely cutting surfaces clean, cooling temperature to be right, and make workers wear gloves. I feel that the meat pressing industry is entirely unreliable their principle need ought to advance quality meat not benefit. I feel the business heads have made a culture where they contend in costs by undermining each other. This activity puts the buyers in danger of getting food contamination all on account of profit.In the film there was a woman named Patsy Macke that was a food reviewer, she attempted to stand in opposition to what she saw at a m eat pressing plant and she was terminated. I feel this sort of activity by the USDA uncovered the way that they are choosing not to see the soundness of the shoppers they should be securing. I comprehend that representatives at the USDA are doing what they are told, yet there is a social duty of mentioning to the open what truly is going on in the meat pressing industry. This activity of terminating Patsy Macke shows what an awful pioneer can do in an organization in demoralizing others from approaching.

King Henry VIII and the Reformation Essay

For a long time paving the way to the rule of King Henry VIII, energetic spirits were looking like never before for an important religious life for themselves and the entirety of society. The individuals of England were turning out to be increasingly more befuddled about what the Church really instructed and were creating doubtful emotions towards the otherworldly and physical force utilized and showed by the ministry. [1] These sentiments of the English individuals were arriving at a record-breaking high around the time that Henry VIII had succeeded his father’s seat in 1509. Lord Henry VIII had generally narrow minded and prideful motivating forces to isolate from the Roman Catholic Church. He had no strict purpose at the top of the priority list, however much to his dismay that he would add to the ascent of the Protestant Reformation and a drawn out strict change in England that would in the end spread to the remainder of the world. [3] The disappointment with the debasement of the Church and want change prompted the thoughts of Christian humanism and the impact of Greek learning. This thought depicted a request for harmony, equity, and mankind that could be instructed and progressed through training. ] The humanist with the best impact of the time was Erasmus of Rotterdam who supported straightforward scriptural devotion established on printed grant and investigation of the Greek New Testament over scholasticism and expand formality. [5] Erasmus had faith in contemplating and understanding the sacred texts for oneself and needed to uncover the extraordinary lip services of the Church. Erasmus’ radical compositions and lessons started to spread, and not long after the works and lessons of Thomas More and Martin Luther emerged. More composed the book Utopia which portrayed an admired society that lived in an uncorrupted world in ideal understanding with the standards of characteristic uprightness. [6] This was a totally ridiculous thought, yet it despite everything offered plan to the individuals for a change and a superior society. Around 1517, Martin Luther made a genuine response and turmoil from the individuals as his thoughts quickly spread against the practices and basic method of reasoning of the Church. [7] This made an uprising and following of Luther’s lessons as his thoughts and books immediately spread all through England. Luther’s noteworthy ideas empowered â€Å"new learning† and it before long grabbed hold on the University of Cambridge. [8] When expression of the tremendousness of Luther’s lessons and the entirety of the new thoughts of progress and change against the congregation arrived at King Henry the VIII, he was enraged. In 1521, he suspended Luther and requested every single Christian ruler to â€Å"suppress his errors† that Luther and others had spread. [9] Sermons were lectured the whole way across Europe criticizing Luther and a considerable lot of his books were scorched. Ruler Henry ventured to compose a paper restricting Luther and his perspectives on the Eucharist and the pope granted him with the extraordinary title â€Å"Defender of the Faith. †[10] Even however King Henry attempted his best to stop Luther and his thoughts, Luther before long earned his voice in Germany and many his books and handouts emptied once again into England with considerably more reactions of the Church’s practices and pioneers. [11] Soon numerous rebellions broke out somewhere in the range of 1524 and 1526 named the Peasants’ War, and the Protestant Reformation was flooding in. This was the beginning to a rough political, profound, and social battle between the supporters and the adversaries of progress in England that went on for a long time. English people started to consider themselves â€Å"Catholic† or â€Å"Protestant† and isolated themselves as needs be. [13] Catholics and evangelicals dissented and censured each other from the podium and through printed works. [14] Change was unquestionably noticeable all around. Amidst the entirety of the uprisings against the Church and tunes of reorganization, King Henry VIII built up his very own issues and disturbance. Ruler Henry had been cheerfully hitched to Catherine of Aragon until he understood that she was not delivering him a male beneficiary that he yearned for. The King had met and begun to look all starry eyed at a lady named Ann Boleyn who was a solid, clever, and decided lady. Henry was resolved to wed her and attempt to deliver a child for a male beneficiary to the seat. [15] In request to separate from Catherine, Henry required an exceptional ecclesiastical regulation. The pope would not concede it, and Henry presumed that in light of the fact that the pope was identified with the King of Spain that they were sabotaging England in the kindness of Spain and in this way denying him the privilege to a beneficiary. After numerous endeavors to get the popes authorization for the separation and endorsement to wed Ann with no achievement, King Henry VIII settled on a choice that would change history for eternity. Henry terminated his nearest consultant Cardinal Wolsey who was Lord Chancellor of England and supplanted him with Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell. [17] These two men prompted the King to separate the English church from the Roman church so as to become leader of the congregation and addition the marriage that he wanted. This thought started the long stretches of the Reformation Parliament wherein the English parliament conceded controls over the congregation ministry to the King in stages. The Act of Appeals in 1533 made Henry VIII the hotspot for every single English locale both mainstream and strict, and afterward the Act of Supremacy in 1534 pronounced the King of England as incomparable leader of the Church of England, not the pope. [18] Another demonstration was passed in 1534 called the Act of Succession, which proclaimed the offspring of Ann Boleyn as legitimate beneficiaries to the seat. [19] It was currently official; England was totally secluded and split away from the Roman church and started their autonomous excursion of the Church of England. Despite the fact that England had separated from the Roman church and was near the very edge of reorganization, King Henry VIII made essentially no adjustments in the Church of England. [20] The main significant distinction from the Catholic Church was that now the ruler was the head rather than the pope and English Bibles were being utilized. [21] King Henry VIII reaffirmed his pledge to Catholic practices by passing the Six Articles. The Six Articles approved the change of the Eucharist, admission, private masses, chaste pledges, and the sacredness of the Eucharist cup. Regardless of the way that King Henry had rolled out no genuine improvements to the congregation, his break from the Roman Church worked up an upheaval really taking shape. Ann didn't create a child for King Henry, yet she furnished him with another little girl named Elizabeth. [23] Ann was thoughtful with Protestant thoughts and her little girl would in the long run assume a key job in Protestant England. [24] King Henry got disappointed with Ann, blamed her for infidelity, and had her guillotined in 1536. [25] Still looking for a child, King Henry VIII wedded Jane Seymour. She at last gave him the child and beneficiary to the seat that he had been seeking after, Edward IV. At the point when Henry VIII kicked the bucket in 1547, Edward IV succeeded the seat and the Protestant development became more grounded than at any other time. Edward was profoundly smart and an ardent Protestant, and he needed to roll out various improvements to the Church of England. [27] He canceled the Six Articles, permitted pastorate to wed, and forced Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer on all community gatherings. [28] England was headed to turning into a Protestant nation, however King Edward passed on grievously of tuberculosis at age sixteen. Catherine of Aragon’s little girl Mary I at that point went to the seat in 1553. She was an outrageous Catholic with no resistance for Protestant convictions. She proclaimed England to be a Catholic nation and changed over all temples back to customary Catholic practices. [30] The individuals of England were getting altogether befuddled in their convictions since they were getting hurled to and fro between two inverse beliefs. Mary I before long earned the epithet â€Å"Bloody Mary† in light of the fact that she was without any assistance liable for the executions of numerous Protestant chiefs. [31] She consumed in excess of 300 people at the stake for their reluctance to surrender the methods of the Church of England and go to the Catholic Church. These executions sat idle yet increase an enemy of Catholic inclination in England, and it would before long become a changeless idea. After Mary I’s passing in 1558, England’s future was in the hands of Henry VIII’s last enduring kid, Elizabeth I. She was actually was England required at that point and was amazingly smart and mindful. [33] She is viewed as one of the best rulers throughout the entire existence of England. Elizabeth canceled Mary I’s Catholic enactment for she comprehended that her nation was being destroyed by the faltering regulations, and she needed to stop the disunity. She worked out a trade off referred to today as the â€Å"Elizabethan Settlement† which brought about a congregation that held some Catholic thoughts while embeddings the greater part of the essential thoughts of Protestantism too. [34] This settlement would not have been conceivable on the off chance that it were not for Henry VIII’s unique split from the Catholic Church. The individuals were prepared for the strict difficulty to end and serene love to be conceivable. Despite the fact that Elizabeth had looked for a tranquil trade off, the Catholics ascended in insubordination to her. [35] As they compromised her seat and plotted against her, she shrewdly avoided their arrangement to annihilate her. Starting here on, her strict resilience reached a conclusion, and Catholics were captured, detained, and vigorously fined. [36] Elizabeth governed on to lead England in the annihilation of the Spanish Armada in 1588. [37] This was an incredible defining moment in history that made England a regarded military force, yet in addition hardened the development of the Protestant Reformation. In the event that Spain had not been vanquished, there is a decent possibility that the Protestant religion would have been squashed through and through. [38] The Protestant advancement was a consequence of sentiments of scorn and discont

American Revolution Lesson Introducing Claims in Argumentative Writing

American Revolution Lesson Introducing Claims in Argumentative Writing (1) This is the second  in a series of lessons that teach research and writing skills around the topic of the American Revolution. Also, dont forget to have students  cite their sources in  MLA format, APA format, or  Chicago style. Overview In this lesson, you will learn how to introduce precise, knowledgeable claims and to establish their significance. Claims in Argumentative Writing Argumentative writing is based on a claim. A claim states your position on a topic. It is an arguable statement that is supported by evidence. There can be many different types of claims: Claims of fact: whether or not something is true Claims of cause and effect: whether or not an event led to an event that followed it Claims of value: whether or not something is good Claims of policy: whether one course of action is better than another Writing Claims Your goal is to write a precise, knowledgeable claim. In other words, you want to craft a position statement that makes an argument, introduces your reasoning, and describes exactly what you will say in your essay. How to Write Claims You want to make your claim as focused, or precise, as possible. Claims must be debatable as well. Do this by: Telling your reader your answer to a  question Introducing your reasons Telling your reader the categories of evidence you will discuss Arguing a position with which others may reasonably disagree. In argumentative writing, claims take on the role of thesis statements. For example,  The American Revolution was a world war because…is the beginning of a thesis statement. Why is Your Claim Significant? Your claim needs to answer the question “So what?” You can do this by explaining the  significance.  Significance is important because it goes beyond the statement of facts; significance indicates how your argument fits into a larger debate. As a writer, you want to make sure your claims are provocative and interesting. The significance statement implies a “because” with an opinion to back it up. Claims Significance: Example For example, a claim about the American Revolution being a world war could indicate significance by stating “this was the only war of its type in history,” or, “without the involvement of other nations, the Americans would not have won.” Either statement positions your argument within a bigger historical conversation. Historical Claim Example Read the claim: Different countries fought with the American during the Revolution and this is what made it a world war. Then, listen to the clip below: Here is an example of a claim that answers the question: Can the American Revolution be considered a world war? Think about what could be done to strengthen the claim. Historical Claim Example Listen to the clip below: Here is an example of a revised claim to answer the question, Can the American Revolution be considered a world war? The American Revolution became a world war when France, Spain and the Netherlands allied and fought with the United States in North America, the Caribbean, Europe and elsewhere during the Revolution, forcing the British to agree to American independence. The presence of multiple foreign allies and a global theater for the conflict, the American Revolution became a world war. Conclusion In this lesson, you learned how to write precise and significant claims.

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 2081 Words

Asehun 1 Senay Asehun Ms. McAlister ENG. 112 - 21 2 February 2016 The Lottery A wise Roman poet once said â€Å"Things are not as they seem; the first appearance deceives many.† This quote gave emphasis to the natures of a barbaric ritual called a Lottery. Lotteries weren’t always about power balls and millions of dollars. A well-known author of short stories, Shirley Jackson brought light to this in her story â€Å"The Lottery†. As readers learn, the lottery is a ritual where a citizen of the town is chosen at random and persecuted. This not only shows how society negatively influences people blindly, but at random as well. Jackson wrote this story to inform people of the way we live, and how society can change very fast without warning. By illustrating how the town turned on Tessie after she drew the wrong slip of paper, she gave a Segway to the way people think and how things are not as they seem. In her story â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson apparently uses normal details about the setting and the town’s people to characteri ze her theme that although society states to be civilized, and may appear so, it is inherently cruel. Through her use of setting, which on the surface appears to be light-hearted and commonplace, Jackson masks the shock and horror of the story’s ending. For instance, Jackson uses imagery to divert the reader’s attention to the normality’s of the town. By doing so, the reader focuses on something nice and brightShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessuccee d but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which ran dom villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay

Race and racism continue to exist in our world, and with the assistance of white privilege it becomes increasingly difficult to find a solution. Beverly Daniel Tatum’s book, â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† provides an understanding of why race and racism continue to operate in our world. Tatum effectively answers the question she poses as the title of her book; moreover, I agree with her perception of Affirmative Action and the word racist, but I do not agree with the definition of racism in her book. I believe Tatum answers the question â€Å"Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?† not only through her description of William Cross’s Black racial identity model, but through James Marcia’s four identity statuses and Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s A Tale of O. Tatum follows up the question through Marcia’s four stages that an individual undergoes to discover their identity: diffuse, foreclosed, moratorium, and achieved (Tatum 53). Marcia’s identity statuses can be seen in more detail through Cross’s Model. Cross’s Model begins with a person developing self-awareness of the world’s perception about themselves. Consequently, the individual comes in contact with the preencounter stage. Hence, their instinct is to assimilate by rejecting who they are and accepting what the majority sees as acceptable. At least one event may cause the person to enter the encounter stage, in which they become aware of racism and how it impacts their life.Show MoreRelatedWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?962 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional authors state as a fact. For example, you have Jonathan Kozol in â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† state the differences between the white and the poor. Now you also Beverly Daniel Tatum where in â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† he describes how african american kids are seen differently so there treated differently. If we go into gender we have Deborah Tannen in â€Å"How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently† where gender matters because you will have slightRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?897 Words   |  4 PagesEvery public school lunch room is filled with many tables, every day these tables are the perfect place for a student to find where they â€Å"belong†. Like Beverly Daniel Tatum states in â€Å"Why Are all the Black Kids Sitting Together in the C afeteria?†, part of the social groups forming in high schools goes to thank adolescents. Tatum writes, â€Å"As children enter adolescence, they begin to explore the question of identity, asking ‘Who am I?’ ‘Who can I be?’†(375). At this point in their life everyone beginsRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn her book â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† , Beverly Daniel Tatum, explores the identity of racial development in the United States. She analyzes the definition of racism as well as the development of racial identity. Along with these topics she in turn offers possible solutions to racial problems that plague us today. Tatum uses David Wellman’s definition of racism to set up the way racism is talked about in this book, however I mildly disagree with this definitionRead MoreWhy Are All Of The Black Kids Sitting Together?1170 Words   |  5 Pagesracism. The five sources I would use would be varying in subject, and the authors would come from different walks of life. {{{One book I would use in this course, would be a text that we have used this semester. This book being â€Å"Why Are All of the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† by Beverly Tatum. It was a quick enough read, it made sense, and was easy to retain. This book had an emotional impact on me, and I have a feeling it would impact many students like the ones before me. }}}} *takeRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?917 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity is available for all peoples no matter the race. That opportunity is there for the taking. However, obstacles can prevent a student from seizing th at opportunity. You can see the obvious impact of race in the African-American community in regards to educational opportunities. Race hinders educational opportunity of African-Americans through the expectations of others and self-identity conflicts. Beverly Tatum s Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?and AnnRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together? Essay1909 Words   |  8 Pagesextensive as it really is. All the readings, videos, and lectures have directly related back to the purpose of the course. As a whole, I feel like this class has grown in knowledge not only about how racism affects people, but how to change and make a difference. This class has informed me a lot more about the unfortunately thriving acts of racism in the United States. While in this class we read much from Beverly Tatum’s book Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria. Tatum givesRead MoreAnalysis Of Beverly Tatum s Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together 1326 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is actually a topic that seems to be tabooed world-wide. In the first chapter of Beverly Tatum’s â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria† she discusses racism and all of its components. In this chapter she discusses white privilege, active and passive racism, prejudice and much more. Beverly explains how racism is â€Å"a system of institutional policies and cultural messages that is advantageous to white people and disadvantageous to people of color†. This would explainRead More Analysis of Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly Daniel Tatum1302 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly D aniel Tatum Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria; by Beverly Daniel Tatum Ph.D. is a book of many subjects, theories, ideas, as well as opinions that are discussed, challenged and criticized. Are we free from racism? Why, are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? These questions I hope to answer for myself and for others. One of Beverly Tatums major topics ofRead MoreStill Separate, Still Unequal1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthe schools have mostly black and Hispanic students (348). The percentage of blacks and Mexicans students were higher than fifty percent. There was a teacher who was 65 years old who taught at a majority black school stated that Out of eighteen years, this is the first white student I have ever taught (348). Its not very common that white students attend underclass schools. Kozol stated that there is a school in New York City named Langston Hughes that has 99 percent black and Hispanic studentsRead MoreRacial Identity By Dr. Beverly Tatum1141 Words   |  5 PagesAuthor, Dr. Beverly Tatum a clinical psychologist whose main study of interest is Black children’s racial identity development wrote the text Why Are All the Black Kids sitting Together in the Cafeteria? After receiving a letter from a school principal in New Jersey applauding her on her reason of why, in racial ly mixed schools all over the country, Black kids were still sitting together in school cafeterias. In the text Tatum shares her thoughts about the development of racial identity faced by Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay I came into this class not so naà ¯ve as some students may have been. I’ve grown up going to public schools, living in a diverse small town, and having interracial relationships in my family. Although I was informed on some forms of racism and the fact that racism does in fact still exist, I didn’t realize it was extensive as it really is. All the readings, videos, and lectures have directly related back to the purpose of the course. As a whole, I feel like this class has grown in knowledge not only about how racism affects people, but how to change and make a difference. This class has informed me a lot more about the unfortunately thriving acts of racism in the United States. While in this class we read much from Beverly Tatum’s book Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria. Tatum gives a great order of racial identity in this book that everyone can relate too, and can work their way through the different levels. I feel like I can personal ly relate to the sixth stage of racial identity – autonomy. This states that someone has positive feelings about oneself as white. During the earlier stages of racial identity one could begin to feel uncomfortable or guilty for being white. This can come from white privileged or being thought of as being â€Å"superior† due to race. During autonomy one can begin to form friendships/acquaintances more easily with those outside of their own race. Also, having positive encounters with other races makes one want to confrontShow MoreRelatedWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesBeverly Daniel Tatum’s book, â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† provides an understanding of why race and racism continue to operate in our world. Tatum effectively answers the question she poses as the title of her book; moreover, I agree with her perception of Affirmative Action and the word racist, but I do not ag ree with the definition of racism in her book. I believe Tatum answers the question â€Å"Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?† not onlyRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?962 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional authors state as a fact. For example, you have Jonathan Kozol in â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† state the differences between the white and the poor. Now you also Beverly Daniel Tatum where in â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† he describes how african american kids are seen differently so there treated differently. If we go into gender we have Deborah Tannen in â€Å"How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently† where gender matters because you will have slightRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?897 Words   |  4 PagesEvery public school lunch room is filled with many tables, every day these tables are the perfect place for a student to find where they â€Å"belong†. Like Bever ly Daniel Tatum states in â€Å"Why Are all the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?†, part of the social groups forming in high schools goes to thank adolescents. Tatum writes, â€Å"As children enter adolescence, they begin to explore the question of identity, asking ‘Who am I?’ ‘Who can I be?’†(375). At this point in their life everyone beginsRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn her book â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† , Beverly Daniel Tatum, explores the identity of racial development in the United States. She analyzes the definition of racism as well as the development of racial identity. Along with these topics she in turn offers possible solutions to racial problems that plague us today. Tatum uses David Wellman’s definition of racism to set up the way racism is talked about in this book, however I mildly disagree with this definitionRead MoreWhy Are All Of The Black Kids Sitting Together?1170 Words   |  5 Pagesracism. The five sources I would use would be varying in subject, and the authors would come from different walks of life. {{{One book I would use in this course, would be a text that we have used this semester. This book being â€Å"Why Are All of the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† by Beverly Tatum. It was a quick enough read, it made sense, and was easy to retain. This book had an emotional impact on me, and I have a feeling it would impact many students like the ones before me. }}}} *takeRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?917 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity is available for all peoples no matter the race. That opportunity is there for the taking. However, obstacles can prevent a student from seizing th at opportunity. You can see the obvious impact of race in the African-American community in regards to educational opportunities. Race hinders educational opportunity of African-Americans through the expectations of others and self-identity conflicts. Beverly Tatum s Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?and AnnRead MoreAnalysis Of Beverly Tatum s Why Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together 1326 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is actually a topic that seems to be tabooed world-wide. In the first chapter of Beverly Tatum’s â€Å"Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria† she discusses racism and all of its components. In this chapter she discusses white privilege, active and passive racism, prejudice and much more. Beverly explains how racism is â€Å"a system of institutional policies and cultural messages that is advantageous to white people and disadvantageous to people of color†. This would explainRead More Analysis of Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly Daniel Tatum1302 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Why are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria by Beverly Daniel Tatum Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria; by Beverly Daniel Tatum Ph.D. is a book of many subjects, theories, ideas, as well as opinions that are discussed, challenged and criticized. Are we free from racism? Why, are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? These questions I hope to answer for myself and for others. One of Beverly Tatums major topics ofRead MoreStill Separate, Still Unequal1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthe schools have mostly black and Hispanic students (348). The percentage of blacks and Mexicans students were higher than fifty percent. There was a teacher who was 65 years old who taught at a majority black school stated that Out of eighteen years, this is the first white student I have ever taught (348). Its not very common that white students attend underclass schools. Kozol stated that there is a school in New York City named Langston Hughes that has 99 percent black and Hispanic studentsRead MoreRacial Identity By Dr. Beverly Tatum1141 Words   |  5 PagesAuthor, Dr. Beverly Tatum a clinical psychologist whose main study of interest is Black children’s racial identity development wrote the text Why Are All the Black Kids sitting Together in the Cafeteria? After receiving a letter from a school principal in New Jersey applauding her on her reason of why, in racial ly mixed schools all over the country, Black kids were still sitting together in school cafeterias. In the text Tatum shares her thoughts about the development of racial identity faced by

Civil Rights Sparked Ever Lasting Change - 1526 Words

Charles Richardson HMXP 102 Professor Patrice Burleson 24 April 2016 Civil Rights: Sparked Ever Lasting Change in America In modern America, equality is becoming more of a realization however; racial and civil rights issues are still existent in today’s society. The civil rights movement, which originated in the 1960’s, involved public movements in the United States which the goals were to terminate racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to obtain and secure legal acknowledgement and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the constitution and federal law. Current racial issues have sparked movements such as the â€Å"Black Lives Matters† movement and the controversial killing of black men from†¦show more content†¦These events include but are not limited to The Vietnam War, JFK’s assassination, and the liberation of women and women’s suffrage. However, there has been one exception, the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was the most effective pol itical and social force of the 20th century and which is still making headlines in today’s news. Humans as we know, tend to allow external factors affect their self-identity by attempting to conform to societies’ norms. However, for one to find their true self-identity they must develop their own rational ideas and create themselves based on the desire of freedom from external factors. Famous civil rights activists like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., became famous from his outward appeal against racial segregation during the mid 1900’s. If Dr. King did not step forward and represent the minority community, civil rights could possibly be the opposite of what they are now. In Lee Daniel’s â€Å"The Butler† Cecil Gaines, who portrays the story of Eugene Allen, witnesses his father stand up for himself and his family. Cecil was raised by sharecropping parents and the cotton plantation owner, Thomas Westfall, who was confronted by Cecil’s father, ra ped his mother. Cecil witnessed his father being kill a white plantation owner all because his father stood up for what he believed in. Succeeded

Challenges and their Solutions in Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Challenges and their Solutions in Project Management. Answer: Key challenges in project management It is seen that, even though with the proper planning in place and alignment of goals, the rate of success of the projects cannot reach the desired level. One of the reasons can be taken as the organizational structure and culture. The structure of the organization can come in the way of the as an obstacle or it can support it to be successful. As the structure of the organization helps in sharing of the different resources for the project therefore, different organizational structures like (like, Functional organizational structure, matrix organizational structure and projectised organizational structure) (Niazi et al. 2013). In case of functional organizational structure, the organization consists of the divisions depending on the functionalities. In matrix structure, the responsibility of the project is shared between the project manager and other functional manager that consequently creates confusion for the project team members. According to Harper (2015), the projectised organizational structure is helpful in achieving the best results for any project. Since, the team members have the clear idea about project and the personnel to report for any issue, therefore it can be said that in projectised structure the centralized authority can help avoiding the conflicts and confusions and attain better success rate of the project. Another issue that needs to be addressed for the successful competition of the project is the, management of the employee expectations. The materialistic and other expectations drive the team members in a project management team to deliver better productivity to complete the project successfully. These expectations are connected with the job duties, salary and compensation. The expectations are not always fulfilled due to the inefficient communication between the leadership and the project team members. Again Keil, Lee and Deng (2013) argued that, to resolve the issues related to the expectations it is important to integrate the expectation of both the leadership and team members. In addition to this, open environment to express or communicate the expectations, recognition of the expectations, providing job security scope of growth to the team members. The explanation of solutions stated in the previous section In order to manage and fulfill the expectations of the team members of the project team it is important for a project manager and a leader to utilize their integrity skills. This will help the project manager to manage and get idea about the expectations of the employees or the team members of the project development team (Niazi et al. 2013). The employee oriented project management approach states that project management should concentrate on dynamics, experience and human Psychology instead of solely depending on the processes. Successful project managers concentrates on understanding and learning about the way people function in an organization or say as a team member. The integrity of the leaders encourages the team members and the employees working under them to trust them (leaders). This skill is also important to take any harsh or unpopular decisions in order to complete the undertaken project in scheduled time, budget and best quality. This skill is also important to create trust between the different members of the team (Maylor and Sderlund 2015). In addition to this, people in the team cannot afford risks in their career and uncertainty in the project; therefore they are hypothesizing on the leaders accomplishments. Later on, they require some route with which to settle on a choice in a particular situation for another project. In case of projectised organizational structure, the project manager becomes the only authority to report about any issues while executing different tasks related to the project. Therefore, the leader or the project manager must possess and utilize his/her motivational skills (Gu et al. 2014). This is important for the other team members as the project manager directly evaluates their functionality, therefore when the project manager observes any issues in the project; he needs to provide feedback and motivate the employee to attain the desired results. This can help the project manger to complete the project in scheduled time and budget with the best possible quality. This also helps in creating the positive interactions between the client organizations, project manager the project development team. Moreover the integrity skill of the leader also enables the, leader and the project manager to be responsive against different adverse situations in the whole project lifecycle (Keil, Lee and Deng 2013). If there is situation of crisis for a team member then this skills help the project manager to overcome from that situation. References Gu, V.C., Hoffman, J.J., Cao, Q. and Schniederjans, M.J., 2014. The effects of organizational culture and environmental pressures on IT project performance: A moderation perspective.International Journal of Project Management,32(7), pp.1170-1181. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Keil, M., Lee, H.K. and Deng, T., 2013. Understanding the most critical skills for managing IT projects: A Delphi study of IT project managers.Information Management,50(7), pp.398-414. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Maylor, H. and Sderlund, J., 2015. Project management research: Addressing integrative challenges.Designs, Methods and Practices for Research of Project Management. Farnham, Surrey: Gower, pp.11-19. Niazi, M., Mahmood, S., Alshayeb, M., Riaz, M.R., Faisal, K. and Cerpa, N., 2013, October. Challenges of project management in Global Software Development: Initial results. InScience and Information Conference (SAI), 2013(pp. 202-206). IEEE

What is the Role of ther Journalist Essay Example

What is the Role of ther Journalist? Essay This essay will discuss the question what is the role of a journalist? Firstly, it will show that Britain has a free press and attempt to explain what free press means. It will then try to identify the different types of journalist common in the media today, with focus on print journalism. Additionally, it will argue that it is fundamental that all journalists abide by a professional and ethical code of conduct.  Britain has a free press. There is no censor and no licensing, and anyone can publish a newspaper provided he or she does not break the law in doing so. (Hogson, 1994, p.153). British press is private; the Government has no control over publication, nor is it allowed to own any shares in press companies and no aide is granted. However, British press does receive exemption from the payment of VAT. The press is allowed full access to Parliament, and Governmental operations are commented on daily in news reports. Britain however, has no written constitution and freedom of the press exists here by consensus only (Belsley Chadwick, 2006). Journalism in 2007, covers a much broader spectrum than ever before, the advancements of the Internet, satellite and cable television and mobile telephone technology has made news ever more accessible and its contributors more diverse.(Allan, 2005). Many newspapers have their own online editions, television stations broadcast news twenty-four hours a day and news updates can be obtained via text message through mobile phones (Harcup, 2004). All the information is constantly updated and it is not only journalists who supply it, indeed members of the public contact the media directly with breaking news and eyewitness accounts (bbc.co.uk). We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Role of ther Journalist? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Role of ther Journalist? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Role of ther Journalist? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Newspaper journalists come in many guises; it employs staff reporters whom are relied upon to provide the paper with its main news content. They are usually general reporters, who the editor of the paper assigns stories to cover and are generally required to investigate and or check facts (Harris Spark, 1996). Once briefed, it is their duty to ensure that all their facts are accurate, which is done using reference books, archives and newspaper cuttings files or by telephoning relevant sources. They are also accountable for ensuring that spellings of names, places and the titles of well known people are correct, which includes checking geographical and business information and backgrounds of people; additionally any information that they have found from references in previous news stories they have used. (Fleming et al, 2006) A newspaper is not comprised only of reports; it also includes opinion pages and gossip columns. On the opinion pages, writers are allowed (by the editor) to develop their own style and are an expression of the views and opinions of that writer. Fact checking and accountability is not as important here, although the reader must be made aware that this is opinion and not fact. Opinion pages often air controversial viewpoints of current news stories, hopefully encouraging reaction from readers, indeed a columnists success can be measured by the number of letters they receive (Hogson, 1994). Gossip columnists operate in a similar way, but focus on the famous and infamous current in the news and are generally found in tabloid newspapers, rather than broadsheets. Additionally there are often lifestyle columns, offering help, advice and up to date information on a variety of issues, including diet, health and fitness, decorating and home improvement ideas. Most newspapers include financial and business news in a separate section of the paper, not always on a daily basis. Sport is reported on daily and usually fills the back pages, although national games often appear on their front pages and many a tabloid features sporting scandals on its cover. In a recent article in The Observer, columnist Peter Preston comments on reports that newspaper circulation is in decline and the public is now using other sources to receive news. He argues however, using quotes from Carolyn McCall, the chief executive of The Guardian group that it is the tabloids, such as The Mirror, The People and The News of the World who are losing their readership. He claims that quality newspapers including the observer, The Telegraph and The Times have barely had a shift in circulation figures in the last thirty years. I would suggest that these figures could perhaps reflect the sometimes-huge mistakes that these papers have made in their reporting. As mentioned by Stuart Allen (2005), who begins his book with the story of The Mirrors mistake in printing pictures of Iraqi prisoners of war, which were later proven to be fakes. He claims that if proper sourcing were undertaken, the paper would have uncovered the hoax before publishing. Stories like this one undermine societys faith in the journalist. Therefore, Tony Harcups (2007) suggestion that the most important role of a journalist is to report the truth, could be fundamental to the future of newsprint. Harcup starts his explanation with a reference to a story from a 1963 American newspaper, which was the inspiration for a song by Bob Dylan. Harcup tells the story of Hattie Carroll, a black waitress, who was murdered by wealthy white farmer, William Zantzinger. He explains that the story started locally, but became national news when Zantzinger received only a six month prison sentence; which was also deferred to allow him time to farm his crops. Harcup explains that Dylan wrote the song The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll, with the claim that it was a true story. Dylan, like a lot of journalists, found he accused of manipulating the truth. However, unlike a journalist, Harcup writes that as a singer, Dylan was granted artistic licence:

Greed essays

Greed essays There is a little too much greed going on in society and some psychologist believed that America is the land of the greed. Greed means selfish on desire beyond reason. America is the leader of capitalism. Capitalism makes a country rich and a lot of modernized things to fit in peoples daily life. The needs of those modernized things make people more greed than ever. When theres too much greed, people suffer. On personal level, it makes people devious, petty, unlovable and very jealous. What most people want is money, lots of money, tons of money, along with the tons of things that it buys, along with the prestige that comes with having tons of money, along with the mass attention that comes along with it. As people need more money, it is not enough that they work hard at a full-time job. If they come up with a bunch of money games, and if they become very good at them, then they believe that they should be entitled to out earn their neighbors suddenly by double their amount, or triple or ten times, etc. There will be much lying, cheating, backstabbing and suffering as there needs to be until they obtain their needs. One of the exact problems here is that people wish that other people will handle a problem. Its rather common want lost of money, as much as you can get, as much as people tell you youre entitled to. Some famous people might possibly have special needs, since ordinary people are not hounded constantly by the press and by the public. Famous people might possibly need a bigger, more secure house, as well as special transportation when the ordinary people are trying to fill their live with basic needs. Sometime, the wealth and complete life of famous people can drive crazy on the normal, ordinary citizens. On an artistic level, virtually everything made has to be a blockbuster, which makes shock value and histrionics usually dominate everything, while anything difficult or even normal is usuall...

Ancient Roman Charioteers in the Roman Myths Essay

Ancient Roman Charioteers in the Roman Myths - Essay Example The sources reveal that most Roman charioteers died at a young age, thus implying the danger of such a career. For example, one driver for the Blue faction in around AD 68 died at the age of 25 (ILS 5284). Crescent, the driver for the Blue faction in around Ad 115-124 died at 22 years old (ILS 5285). Moreover, Fuscus, a driver for the Greens, died in around AD 35 at the age of 24 (ILD 5278). In the same way, Marcus Aurelius Polynices died at 29 and his brother Marcus Aurelius Mollicius Tatianus died at 20 (ILS 5286). All of these documented accounts of charioteers were never able to live past the age of 29. In fact, although some of the ancient Roman charioteers may have survived the race past the age of 30, charting as a career still posed as a great danger to many charioteers considering that there was always the possibility that one’s life would end early. The sources imply that the impulse to win and to keep racing was great despite the danger because of the promise of reward and recognition, thus further endangering one’s life in the seemingly endless pursuit of such a career. The promise and temptation of the rewards accorded to the best charioteers must have been a continuous source of inspiration for many young charioteers who sought fame, fortune and recognition. For example, the driver for the Blue faction in around AD 68 received honors 354 times (ILS 5284). Glabrio, in around AD 115-124, received prizes of 1,558,346 sesterces (ILS 5285). In addition, Marcus Aurelius Polynices won the 40,000-sesterces prize 3 times, the 30,000-sesterces prize 26 times, and the pure prize 11 times (ILS 5286). Lacerta of the Reds also made as much money as to finance 100 lawyers to leave his sons (ILS 5287). Publius Aelius Gutta Calpurnianus, also won numerous awards, with the greatest at 50,000 sesterces once, 40,000 sesterces 9 times, an d 30,000 sesterces 17 times (ILS 5288). Such prices have been so great and so there was always the  drive in the charioteers to achieve these rewards. Moreover, erected monuments and speeches to glorify the victors even in their deaths actually served as an inspiration to many charioteers to keep on with their careers.  

Comparison and contrast essay Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida

Comparison and contrast Anchorage,Alaska and Key West Florida - Essay Example Perhaps. Key West, Florida and Anchorage, Alaska may be thousands of miles apart geographically and culturally, but in some ways, they are practically next door neighbors. The first striking difference between these two cities is obviously geography and climate. Key West is the westernmost island of the archipelago known as The Florida Keys. Close proximity to the Tropic of Capricorn and the warm currents of the Caribbean Sea give Key West a balmy average temperature of 82oF. Add to this an annual rainfall of nearly 40 inches per year and you have a pleasant climate capable of supporting a host of interesting vegetation while providing many hours of sunny weather to enjoy the waters surrounding the island. Of course, any city that has taken on the title of â€Å"Southernmost City in America† had better have plenty of warm weather and sunshine to back up their claim. Anchorage, while not the northernmost city in America is a great deal different than Key West. One has no need to look beyond the raw numbers to see that two more different cities could not be found in America in regards to geography and climate. Anchorage boasts and average annual temperature of 35oF with an average annual precipitation of just 16 inches (most of it of the frozen variety)(Hoare, 2008). Though summer days can reach into the mid 70’s, summer and winter weather is unpredictable in Anchorage. 40oF swings in temperature have been known to occur within the space of several hours. Anchorage enjoys long summer days due to its high latitude, but the subarctic climate surrounding the city dissuades most people from spending those summer days swimming in the frigid coastal waters nearby. An additional geographic feature that makes Anchorage much different that Key West is the nearby presence of active volcanoes. Occasional ash accumulation from these volcanoes poses a slight

Basic resource for any organisation

Basic resource for any organisation Introduction: Information is basic resource for any organisation to its management. If the information is available on time its really effective for the management in its operations. The term information system usually refers to a system based on computer which is designed to support the operation, management and decision function. Management information system collects, transmit, process, store information and the system convert this data for management to make decisions and the strategy in the organisation. Reason for information system strategy First let me clear the misunderstanding for those who dont understand that whatever we do we have a strategy.im sure everything we do we have an objective to achieve that plan we make a plan that plan is strategy. Problem is strategy can be good or it can be bad or we may not have spotted that we can do much better if take the opportunity and environment into account. But there can be certain things give us a push to adopt a strategy and to achieve the better results for our business. There are two distinct phases, the first one is quantitative and the second one is qualitative. The first part we talk about the research of different organisations. In each organisation we will talk about different key stake holders in formulation of strategy process. This phase of the research will be started when different stakeholders will be interviewed over 100 interviews have been conducted so far. For the second phase the potential sample size will be every HEI in the UK. The first method tool which is being used to get samples in the first part is based on interviews and observation from which case studies are being created. The case studies created in part one will then be used to enlarge and increase upon present theory to grow a survey. This will be directed, using the results already recognized in qualitative research and different other organisations. This will bring the experimental sample to lots of other organisation which is adequate to learn any main defects in the survey. The second data-gathering tool will be a organized survey. The small size of the real people means that the survey can be given in all the organisations to at smallest three key stake holders or alliance frontrunners. Earl suggests a multiple methodology to formulate an information systems strategy. Earls multiple methodologies Earls multiple methodology provides a means of: Clarification of the business needs and strategy in information systems terms. Evaluation of current information systems provision and use. Innovation of new strategic opportunities. 1. Top down clarification Earls definition of a suitable method to clarify business needs in IS terms: ‘A methodology that is easily understood and used by line and general managers, it can cope with varying robustness of business strategy, it does not consume too much time or resource, it can be repeated as circumstances inevitably change and, as a result of these needs and because it could not achieve anything else, it points to directional IS needs and not detailed specifications. The ‘Critical Success factors approach meets many of the requirements of the definition. There are otherssee ‘Strategic Management and Information Systems Wendy Robson See ‘IT Strategy for Business Joe Peppard 2. Bottom Up evaluation Most organisations only have a vague understanding of the potential and capacity of their present IT systems. The technical perspective and backroom perception of IT may create a barrier. To understand the present systems a bottom up analysis is carried out. This involves an audit or survey. As well as the technical detail the user/specialist interface is examined. The value of the system to the organisation must also be ascertained. In this evaluation the following questions must be asked: How reliable is the system? How easy is it to maintain? How cost effective is it? What is the impact on the business? How easy is it to use? How often is it used? What is the state of our specialist user relationship? Other considerations might be the interactivity of the systems. These interactions and the evaluation can be shown graphically using systems maps or other means. The present systems can then be examined for strengths and weaknesses. The top-down business approach and the bottom-up systems approach do not provide an opportunity to exploit radical new ideas for exploiting the competitive advantage of IT. The business approach examines the ‘what and does not examine the ‘hows. The bottom-up approach is constrains radical thinking by the presence of the evaluation process and the strengths and weaknesses of the existing systems. A more detached approach is needed. 3. inside out thinking lateral thinking It is often inspiration and creativity that produces the bright spark ideas that can produce the beginnings of an IS strategy for competitive advantage. Ideas brought from unrelated sectors can often be successfully applied. The right atmosphere must be nurtured to produce this creativity. Runge suggests the following six characteristics associated with IT innovation|: The idea often emanates from a commercial manager. The idea was backed by a senior manager who became the project champion. The competitive advantage was added to an existing system; evolutionary process. The idea was developed outside of the IT control constraints. Customers were involved in the development. The application was given a high profile and was marketed. External Analysis The three legs of Earls multiple methodologies have considered IS strategy from an internal perspective. It is important to also view this strategy from an external point of view i.e. competitors, customers, consumers etc. There are techniques that can help clarify this approach. The SWOTmethod is a suitable candidate that explores both internal and external perspectives. A technique such as SWOT is useful when considering an external view of the three legs of the multiple strategies. Porters five forces model is a useful model for considering the external perspective on IS strategy. Boddy et al suggest that Porters model can be used to construct an IS strategy. Considerations when using the multiple methodologies. The use of methodologies does not mean a ‘cookbook attitude should be taken the implementation of strategies. Methodologies are useful overall frameworks but the context in which they are used needs consideration as well as experience. Experience suggests that: Significant differences existed in different firms; IS strategy formulation inherently seemed a more complex matter in some firms than others; and approaches in practice did not always match either the popular prescriptions or the accounts in case documented articles. Infrastructure-led may emphasise leg 2 bottom-up approach. Business-led may emphasise leg 1 top-down approach. Opportunity-led may emphasise leg 3 inside-out. Alternative approaches There are many other approaches in structuring IS strategy. One such approach is Porters five forces model. This is also useful in conjunction with Earls methodology. The following is reproduced from Body et al. IS changes the basis of competition: opportunities and threats Computer-based information systems are changing competitive conditions in many Indus-tries. There are many tools and techniques which can be used to analyse the relationship between strategy and information systems, depending on their purpose. In this book we can only illustrate one of these approaches, and the Five Forces model originally developed by Michael Porter seems the most appropriate to introduce. It can be used at the level of the individual firm to assess the possible impact of information systems on the competitive position of the firm. A comprehensive account of the many other perspectives on the topic will be found in Robson (1997). Figure 4.5 is based on Porters framework, and a show that IS represents an opportunity to secure a strategic advantage by using it to strengthen one or more of these forces. Similarly, it represents a competitive threat, if other organisations are able to use IS more effectively in these ways. Information systems and the threat of new entrants Managers can use IS on this force by using it to reduce the threat from new entrants by raising barriers, or by using it themselves to enter new markets. Using information systems to raise entry barriers The Caterpillar case illustrates that the manufacturer of the machine links the customer electronically with the service organisation. Because of that electronic link, it is not easy for a customer to go to another service organisation for repair and maintenance. This strengthens Caterpillars position as a manufacturer and as a service provider. The system is so complicated, advanced and expensive that it is hard for existing competitors to imitate. It is even more difficult for new entrants in this market to develop a similar system. The box gives two other examples. In the IS industry itself ‘setting the standard is very important to gaining a strong position. Most customers want to use equipment that has become established as the industry standard. Examples are Microsoft word-processing software, Intel computer chips and Netscape Internet browsers. It is very hard for new entrants to overcome these entry barriers, leading to a winner takes all situation in many sectors of the market. Using IS to enter markets more easily The Caterpillar case illustrates how the company uses its information system to attain a stronger position in the maintenance market. The system can strengthen the relationship with buyers of Caterpillar equipment and provide them with a broad after-sales service. Caterpillar becomes a stronger competitor of independent maintenance companies in new markets. Information systems and the threat of substitutes Companies can use information systems to alter this force by differentiating their products, or by creating new ones which they can use to threaten competitors. Using information systems to differentiate products and services The Caterpillar case shows the company using the information system mainly to improve the speed and quality of customer service. When the system notes deterioration the service starts immediately and the very capital-intensive machine will be repaired soon. This saves the customer a great deal of money. Other companies use the Internet to create and orchestrate active customer communities. Examples include Kraft (www.kraftfoods.com), Intel (www.intel.com), Apple (www.apple.com) and Harley Davidson (www.harley-davidson.com). Through these communities the companies become close to their customers. They can learn and innovate with product or service improvements that would otherwise be impossible. The research summary box below explains why it is essential for information service providers to differentiate their products. Using information systems to create new products and services Telephone and Internet banking are relatively new phenomena which have only become possible with new systems. The same is true of companies that use the power of database technology to offer new services in customer relationship management and direct market-in. Wide Internet access has generated a huge increase in businesses offering new services. These include electronic auctions, search engines, electronic retailers, electronic hubs (Data and Segev, 1999; Timmers, 2000; Kaplan, 2000), and Internet providers. Caterpillar created new maintenance services, and the next box gives another example. Information systems and the bargaining power of suppliers Increasing power of suppliers can increase their power by using information systems to track much more closely the costs of providing services to customers. They can set prices accordingly, or decide that they do not want a particular piece of business. For example, airlines use yield management systems to track actual reservations against traffic forecasts for any flight, and then adjust prices for the remaining seats to maximise revenue. Stepanekz (1999) reports how Weyerhaeuser Doors uses an Internet-based system to, amongst other things; manage orders from its distributors. This allows the company to manage its internal processes more efficiently, but also to assess much more accurately the value of each order, and the overall performance of its distributors. This enables it to refuse unprofitable orders, and to be more selective about the distributors which it supplies. Customer relationship management systems are a currently popular example of suppliers ability to track customers requirements more accuratel y, thus increasing the suppliers power over the customer. Decreasing power of suppliers Information systems can also be used the other way around. Customers can use information systems to strengthen their position in the marketplace at the expense of suppliers power. Ford and General Motors have set up electronic marketplaces and urge their suppliers to use that system to match their supply with the demand of Ford and GM. The Economist (6 November 1999) commented: Ford and GMs e-business revolution will not be confined to them alone. Their decision to go online will ripple through the 50,000 or so firms they trade with. The car makers are careful to say that none of their suppliers will be compelled to use their new portals, preferring simply to express that the benefits-cost savings, the access to new customers, the faster time to market, the sheer value of the information will make it an obvious choice. But the reality is different. Ford and GM are investing a lot in their e-business infrastructure and great hopes are riding on it. Suppliers that want to continue to do business the old way will rapidly become ex-suppliers and before long ex-companies. The next section about the use of information systems to change the power of buyers explores this theme further. This illustrates that information systems are increasingly inter-organisational phenomena, rather than hidden back-office systems. Inter-organisational systems can be used to co-operate as well as to compete with business partners, whether suppliers or customers. Powerful parties tend to urge less powerful ones to adopt their systems. Information systems and the bargaining power of buyers a good example of the balance of power being altered is when retail chains use modern communication technologies to make electronic links with their suppliers. Such systems reduce inventory costs and warehouse expenses and improve fulfilment time and information flows. For instance, they encouraged the further concentration of retailing firms which then had much more power over their suppliers. The retailers computer continually monitors its suppliers finished goods inventories, factory scheduling, and commitments against its schedule. The purpose is to ensure the stores always have adequate stocks. A supplier that is unwilling to join the system is likely to lose business. The box illustrates how Wal-Mart used this idea. More generally, buyers can use the web to access more suppliers, and to compare prices for standard commodities much more widely than was practical with earlier technologies. Information systems and the intensity of rivalry two ways of using information systems in the process of competitive rivalry are by reducing costs and through more effective management. Using IS to reduce costs On-line inventory systems make it possible to make radical changes in manufacturing supply systems. This greatly reduces inventory levels, and the costs associated with them. Car manufacturers are only invoiced for components when the completed assembly leaves the factory. When the system knows that X headlamps have been used, it passes the information to the component supplier. They send an (electronic) invoice for the components used, and supply replacements. There are similar systems in retailing, where suppliers like Unilever and Procter Gamble manage the inventory of their biggest customers. These inter-organisational systems reduce inventory costs but not only through lower inventory levels. They also reduce the need for working capital and allow a (smaller) purchasing department to focus on non-routine orders and strategic supply matters. The Internet enables large companies to transfer their purchasing operations to the web. Secure web sites connect suppliers, business partners and customers all over the world. This makes it easier for new suppliers to bid for a share of the available business, makes costs more transparent, and improves the administrative efficiency of the supply process. Using IS to enable more effective management A travel agents branch accounting system can now provide detailed patterns of business to managers, enabling them to monitor trends more closely, and to take better-informed pricing and promotional decisions. Another example is Ahold, a Dutch retailer, which achieved much greater performance in the supply chain by using its data-mining capability and knowledge extraction in its customer database. Management information systems can expand the span of control of individual managers, which can support the flattening of organisations. These examples show that information systems may become opportunities for creating, supporting or changing generic strategies. On the other hand competitors have similar opportunities there are also costs and risks associated with using information systems in this way. IS can also be a threat New entrants in the financial services sector have been able to introduce telephone bank-in through call centres very quickly. They were able to take advantage of the fact that they did not have an established branch network, and so could use the new technology very quickly. The technology worked to the disadvantage of established banks with many local offices. They found it costly to close branches. The technology was an advantage to the new, a disadvantage to the old. This illustrates a more general point that, for all the potential opportunities, IS can also be a threat. Information systems enable new competition Computer-based information systems represent opportunities for one business and threats to another company. In retailing, large chains have benefited at the expense of smaller shops, large suppliers have benefited at the expense of smaller ones, and large retailers have more power over suppliers. Any use of IS by one company to enter a new market, reduce costs and so on, is a potential threat to a competitor. They lose out if they have not seen the possibility, or have managed implementation less effectively. The London Stock Exchange is threatened by the fact that modern technology allows major institutions to trade shares directly, rather than use the market institution. The problem is increased by the fact that competing exchanges have implemented new information systems more effectively. They are likely to gain a larger share of a smaller market. Information systems place new demands on management time Implementing a major system takes a great deal of management time a cost that managers rarely include when evaluating investments. They require managers to look inward at (important) operational problems of staff, system design, and security. The danger is that they do not look at (even more important) issues of how to use the systems for strategic advantage. In other words: managers are often balancing between a ‘problem orientation and an ‘opportunity orientation. Senior management frequently underestimates the resources required to implement new information systems, especially of managing the many organisational implications. Implementing an information system successfully is difficult many research reports comment on the difficulties of implementing information systems. This is especially true of systems which involve many stakeholders with different interests or those which are innovative in other respects. They often take place in an uncertain environment, from a competitive as well as from a technological point of view. These uncertainties make it difficult to plan a change over a longer time. At the same time, the stakes are getting higher in terms of costs, people and other resources. Even when applications work, there may be downsides Managers often buy in expertise for development, operations and consultancy. These suppliers become the main experts of a companys IS resource. This dependency can be misused. Their lack of knowledge and insight in the organisation causes major problems. They have difficulty in negotiating successfully with the external providers and crucial company knowledge becomes the asset of other companies. References Achterberg, J.S., Gerrit, A. and Heng, M.S.H. (1991) Information systems research in the post-modern period. In Nissen, H.E., Klein, H.K. and Hirschheim, R. (eds.) Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, North Holland. Anderson, M. (1992) Implementing an information infrastructure strategy: the University of Edinburgh experience. University Computing Antill, L. (1991) Selection of a research method. In Nissen, H.E., Klein, H.K. and Hirschheim, R. (eds) Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, North Holland. Baroundi, J.J. and Orlikowski, W.J. (1988) A short form measure of user information satisfaction: pychometric evaluation and notes on use. Journal of Management Information Systems Boaden, R. and Lockett, G. (1991) Information technology, information systems and information management: definition and development. European Journal of Information Systems Breaks, M. (1991) Information systems strategies. British Journal of Academic Librarianship Burrell, G. and Morgan, G. (1979) Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis: Elements of the Sociology of Corporate Life. Ashgate Publishers. Campbell, W.G. and Fiske, D. (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait- multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin Creswell, J.W. (1994) Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications.Return to text Fitzgerald, E.P (1993) Success measures for information systems strategic planning. Journal of Strategic Information Systems Galliers, R.D. (1991) Strategic information systems planning: myths reality and guidelines for successful implementation. European Journal of Information Systems

Better Living Through Chemicals :: Environmental Pollution Essays

Better Living Through Chemicals Few things are more important than the air we breathe. From a factual and biological standpoint, there is nothing more important. Before I begin this inquiry, I must disclose that I am not an environmentalist. This is not something I am proud of by any stretch of the imagination. I admire those people who climb old growth trees and reside in the branches for days on end. They do this to save these wonders of nature from developers and road crews. I acknowledge that some of my decisions may appear to be similar to those of an environmentalist but actually, my decisions have often been based on financial concerns. For example, my husband and I have shared one car for the last nine years. I used to let people infer that it was because we did not want to pollute and use up valuable resources. More than anything, I was simply impressed with myself that I could arrange a schedule that worked for two working people. We were working and going to school while relying on one car. O f course, occasionally we relied on public transportation. It wasn’t easy; I used to have to arrive at school at 6:30 am on Fridays for a class that started at 4:00 pm. I made the best of it by using that time to study. A couple of weeks ago we bought a second car. Looking back, I do not know how we managed with just one car for so long. It is easy to forget, and even easier to get used to immediate convenience. There are costs and pay offs in life, always I have been thinking a lot lately about human nature, our environment, what we accept and what we choose to believe. I say ‘choose’ because, if we listen to many scientists, they tell us we are changing our environment, and not for the better. Global warming and greenhouse gasses are a debatable topic. Does this dire situation exist or does it not? Are the icecaps melting, or are they not? It depends on who you talk to. I find this aspect very interesting. According to the Bush administration, we need more study on the issue. I suggest we read and respond to the studies already conducted.

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay

I am going to look at Arthur Miller’s play; set in the 1950’s when social and cultural ideas were very different from today. There was often immigration to America especially from Italy as there was a lot of unemployment and poverty there. People immigrated to America from Italy due to there being more employment opportunities and a better quality of life there; they hoped to earn money to send back to their family still in Italy. The people that organised their immigration would find them jobs so there was a high chance of them being employed and being able to support themselves and their family. In Italian society people tended to mind their own business and keep to themselves, although the honour of the family name was very important. Family structures and connections were also very important. Families would normally put their close family first before anything else, then their wider family and then their friends. This meant that if a member or members of their family were immigrating, they would do as much as possible to help them and take them in. Eddie’s family were like this as they took in Marco and Rodolpho, their wider family, who were immigrating to America and looked after them. By this scene, Catherine and Rodolpho have already planned to get married and Eddie has decided he doesn’t want them to. He has suggested that Rodolpho only wants to marry Catherine so he can get an American passport and implies that Rodolpho is gay. He raises objections and, although Catherine trusts Eddie, she doesn’t know whose side she should be on. This makes the audience wonder for themselves. They don’t know who they should be trusting and whether Rodolpho is gay or just wants to marry Catherine so he can get an American passport. All this time the phone box is softy lit, like a dark cloud that is always hanging over the play, because it is an option that Eddie could take and the audience wonder whether at some point he will. This creates dramatic suspense because the audience are not sure what is going to happen but they also have an idea that the phone box will take a big part in the play. Act two starts with the lighting focused on Alfieri, illuminating him as he tells the story to the audience. He is setting the scene for act two referring to trade practises that are going on at that time: â€Å"a case of Scotch whiskey slipped from a net while being unloaded – as a case of Scotch whisky is inclined to do on the twenty-third of December on Pier Forty-one’. He then goes on to explain that Catherine and Rodolpho are alone together for the first time. This causes the audience to feel suspense because Alfieri has used dramatic irony so they anticipate that something will happen between them but they don’t know what. The lighting then rises on Catherine so the focus is now on her. Rodolpho is watching her, as the audience are, showing that he enjoys being in close proximity to her. They start to talk and, although the talk starts normally, it seems to get more dramatic as it goes along. At the beginning of the conversation the audience and Rodolpho can see that Catherine is bothered about something and we want to know what she is worried about. From the text you can see she is feeling insecure: ‘She looks at him. She seems withdrawn’. Catherine starts to test Rodolpho about whether he only wants to marry her to get an American pasport, which causes the audience to feel dramatic tension. At first Rodolpho takes it as a joke but then begins to see Catherine is being serious and he becomes confused and worried: ‘Rodolpho [his smile vanishing]: When? Catherine: Well†¦ when we get married. Rodolpho [astonished]: You want to be an Italian?’ Through this part of the conversation Catherine and Rodolpho are both still until Rodolpho crosses to the rocker. This not only causes tension because of the sudden movement on stage but also because the rocker is the chair that Eddie sits in as head of the family. Rodolpho then starts talking to Catherine seriously and he becomes exasperated: ‘There’s nothing! Nothing, nothing, nothing. Now tell me what you’re talking about.’ This shows he is confused and bothered by what Catherine is saying and the tension is rising. He repeats ‘nothing, nothing, nothing’ showing emphasis and his Italian way of speaking. As this conversation continues the characters are developing and you can see them at different emotional levels. At this point there is a slight awkward pause as if the characters don’t know what to do or say and the audience feel tension because they don’t know what is going to happen next. It then becomes more intimate as Rodolpho steps closer to Catherine and encourages her to marry him: ‘Once I am a citizen I could work anywhere and I would find better jobs and we would have a house, Catherine’. A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay In Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"A View From The Bridge† the character of Alfieri is a very important piece of the play. He leads many different roles throughout the play, and is a very useful tool for letting the audience know what they need to do. In this essay, I will be examining the many different roles of Alfieri during the play, and examining what the effects are of these roles on the play, the other characters and the audience. I will also be looking briefly at the background of where the play is set, and also be looking briefly at the author, Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born in 1915, in Manhattan, New York. In his early years his family were pretty well off, but when the economic depression hit America in 1929, him and his family lost a lot of money and security. They had to move to a much poorer area of New York called Brooklyn. When Arthur Miller eventually left school at 17, he didn’t have enough money or the right qualifications to enter University, and so he tried out a variety of jobs. His many jobs included a waiter, a lorry driver, a crooner on a local radio station and a shipping clerk. He saved all his money, and in 1934 was accepted into Michigan University. He won three awards for playwriting, but was still unemployed when he graduated four years later. During the Second World War, Miller was unable to complete military service due to an old injury he gained, and so instead did manual work at shipyards and some freelance radio scriptwriting. He enjoyed writing plays for live theatre, and his first play, â€Å"The Man Who Had All The Luck,† was first performed in 1949 at Broadway. It later went onto win the â€Å"Theatre Guild National Prize. † His next play, â€Å"All My Sons,† won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award. His two most successful plays, â€Å"Death Of A Salesman† and â€Å"The Crucible† soon followed. He later went onto write the play I am studying: â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † The play is set in Red Hook – a slum next to Brooklyn Bridge, New York. The neighbourhood is very rough, and everybody their looks after themselves primarily and their families. Law and Order are not welcome there, and Lawyers and Priests are generally untrusted people. The bay next to Brooklyn Bridge was a favourite place for immigrants to illegally enter the U. S. A. Between 1820 and 1920, migration to the U. S. A was one of the biggest transportation of people in human history. In those 100 years, more than four million Italians went over to live there, hoping to leave behind the poverty and bad times from where they had previously lived, which in most cases was the South of Italy and Sicily. They migrated because they believed America could offer them more opportunities (including work) than their native land ever could. However, life often wasn’t how they thought it would be. The immigrants were often so desperate for work that employers exploited them, by paying them the bare minimum they could. The jobs themselves were all hard manual labour, which would help America to increase its wealth and power. The immigrants found themselves living in the worst and cheapest housing around, but still thought they were better off in America than they would have been back in Italy or Sicily. Indeed, many Americans distrusted Italians, and believed them to be dangerous and violent. It is this idea of immigrants illegally entering the U. S. A that provides the plot for â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † The play is based around Eddie Carbone, a longshoreman, his wife Beatrice, and Eddie’s niece, Catherine. Eddie is very overly protective of Catherine, and doesn’t really want to let her grow up. Beatrice’s cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, have just entered the U. S. A illegally from Sicily. Eddie and Beatrice agree to hide the cousins in their house. Rodolpho and Catherine become very good friends. Eddie becomes very suspicious of Rodolpho – he accuses him of being gay and only wanting to marry Catherine so he can be a legal citizen of the U.S. A. Eddie tries to warn Catherine of his beliefs about Rodolpho, but she refuses to believe a word of it. Beatrice meanwhile, wants Catherine to grow up and so encourages her to marry Rodolpho. Eddie becomes more and more jealous and angry about the amount of time Catherine and Rodolpho spend together. He visits the local lawyer, Alfieri, and asks him if there is any way he can get rid of Rodolpho legally. Alfieri informs him that there is nothing he can do, and that he should just let Catherine go. The situation starts to grow worse and worse. One night, Eddie comes home drunk. He desperately tries once more to split up Catherine and Rodolpho, but he once again fails. After kissing Catherine and then Rodolpho, Eddie goes to visit Alfieri again. Alfieri once again advises Eddie to just let go of Catherine, but Eddie can’t do it. Instead, he calls the Immigration Bureau and reports Marco and Rodolpho’s illegal entry to the U. S. A. The Immigration Bureau come and arrest Marco and Rodolpho, and after a big fight in the street, Marco spits in Eddie’s face (a huge insult). Alfieri pays bail for the two cousins and then arranges the wedding of Catherine and Rodolpho for the following day. Eddie is furious that Marco spat in his face, and so is desperate for revenge. Marco returns to the house angry for his own revenge, when Eddie turns a knife on Marco. Marco manages to turn the knife around and stab Eddie- who then dies of his injuries. However, it is the character of Alfieri that I will now be focusing on. Alfieri is the first character we meet in the play, which therefore means that everything he says must capture the attention of the audience immediately. In this first opening speech of his, he acts like a special kind of narrator; a character who is filling us in on a brief background of the setting, and setting the scene for the rest of the play. He appears at first walking along the road outside Eddie’s house, which is where the majority of the play is set. He informs the audience about the neighbourhood where the play is set, and tells them that this particular neighbourhood has no place for law and order: â€Å"A lawyer means the law, and in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten. â€Å" â€Å"A View From the Bridge† by Arthur Miller Essay Wikipedia says honour is the concept of a direct relation between one’s virtues (or â€Å"values†) and their status within society and that justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Honour and justice are in fact the two main issues surrounding Arthur Millers A View from the Bridge. We can see these two elements right at the start of the play, with the story of Vinny Bolzano: the boy who betrayed his family and lost his honour within it. Vinny is in fact the perfect example of the connection between justice and love:†The family had an uncle that they were hidin’ in the house, and he snitched to the Immigration [] he had five brothers and the old father. And they grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him down the stairs – three flights his head was bouncin’ like a coconut. And they spit on him in the street, his own father and his brothers. The whole neighbourhood was crying.† (p.13-15)The importance of honour in this play prevails the law, creating a connection with respect: to be honourable is to be respected. If you do anything dishonourable, you lose respect. That is why Marco and Eddie are so keen to protect their names and reach a ‘just’ conclusion. Codes of honour bind families and the whole neighbourhood with a sense of community. Everyone should look out for one another, to betray someone is the most dishonourable action imaginable. The next part where we see clear evidence of the importance of honour in the Red Hook community is when Eddie tells Beatrice, â€Å"It’s an honour, B. I mean it.†(p..) when discussing the imminent arrival of the cousins in America. Here Eddie is saying he is honoured of letting Beatrices cousins sleep in his house because he knows they would do the same to him. This is a typical immigrant feeling because here Eddie is probably remembering when he too had come to America. Also, already from this point in the story we can see that his feelings for his Italian traditions overcome the American Law because even if Eddie knows the consequences of hosting two illegal immigrants in his house, he thinks about how he is honoured about it. Another evidence of honour in this play is the fact that Eddie finds it impossible to admit his love for Catherine is because he knows how dishonourable it is:ALFIERI: She wants to get married, Eddie. She cant marry you, can she?EDDIE: What are you talkin about, marry me! I dont know what the hell youre talking about!Because of how horrible his feelings seem to him are and how he will be dishonoured by them, he cannot accept them. He cannot accept them because it is not morally and socially correct to fall in love with your niece so this gives us an idea of injustice, of the unjust world we live in, where what Eddie has done it is not acceptable. Alfieri warns Eddie that he will lose the respect of the neighbourhood if he betrays the brothers. â€Å"You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie!†(p.49). It is significant that a lawyer (who we would expect to follow the law) is encouraging Eddie to do something illegal by continuing to keep the brothers hidden, obviously against his own interest. This, again, even in Alfieri, shows us how honour prevails to the law: Eddie will lose his honour if he reports Rodolfo and Marco to the immigration authorities. Marco believes the only honourable course is to punish Eddie when Eddie betrayed the brothers. Alfieri tries to persuade him otherwise: â€Å"To promise not to kill is not dishonourable†(p.59), but Marcos ignorance towards the American law and his sentiments of honour vanquish any fear about breaking the promise he makes to Alfieri. In fact, Marco had given Alfieri his word that he would not harm Eddie, but does so clearly, showing once again that honour is more important than breaking the law. Here, the theme of justice rises once more: Marco finds it wrongful that Eddie can escape punishment and he cannot, making his urge for avenge even stronger. Eddie, however, blindly refuses to believe that he has done anything wrong. He desperately wants to get back his good name after Marco’s accusations caused the neighbourhood to turn away from him: Marco’s got my name – and you run tell him, kid, that he’s gonna give it back to me in front of this neighbourhood, or we have it out.(p.62). The problem is that Marco wants the same thing as Eddie: respect, which is once again connected to honour, they both want apologies from each other which they shall never obtain. The final scene of A View from the Bridge is where Eddie is killed by Marco. One can reflect a lifetime to understand whether this ending is just or not. What we can say is that in the end, natural justice happens. Natural because what has happened is what had to happen: if Eddie wouldnt have died he would have been dishonoured for the rest of his life, just like Vinny Bolzano. I believe his death was chosen by Miller as a simpler way of resolving his problems which would have continued if he would have survived the fight with Marco: with Eddies death, his and everyones travails died too. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridgehttp://www.sparknotes.com/drama/viewbridge/ http://www.eriding.net/amoore/gcse/viewfromthebridge.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/english_literature/dramaviewbridge/ Understanding A View From The Bridge @media print{.pmpro_a-print{display:none;position:absolute;left:-9999px}}A View From The Bridge: Literature Guides - A Research Guide for Students window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aresearchguide.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=4.9.8"}}; !function(a,b,c){function d(a,b){var c=String.fromCharCode;l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,a),0,0);var d=k.toDataURL();l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,b),0,0);var e=k.toDataURL();return d===e}function e(a){var 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Writer This Web page has been designed to assist students to: Compare and contrast the life described in Italy and the promise of the American Dream. 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