Basic resource for any organisation

Basic resource for any organisation Introduction: Information is basic resource for any organisation to its management. If the information is available on time its really effective for the management in its operations. The term information system usually refers to a system based on computer which is designed to support the operation, management and decision function. Management information system collects, transmit, process, store information and the system convert this data for management to make decisions and the strategy in the organisation. Reason for information system strategy First let me clear the misunderstanding for those who dont understand that whatever we do we have a strategy.im sure everything we do we have an objective to achieve that plan we make a plan that plan is strategy. Problem is strategy can be good or it can be bad or we may not have spotted that we can do much better if take the opportunity and environment into account. But there can be certain things give us a push to adopt a strategy and to achieve the better results for our business. There are two distinct phases, the first one is quantitative and the second one is qualitative. The first part we talk about the research of different organisations. In each organisation we will talk about different key stake holders in formulation of strategy process. This phase of the research will be started when different stakeholders will be interviewed over 100 interviews have been conducted so far. For the second phase the potential sample size will be every HEI in the UK. The first method tool which is being used to get samples in the first part is based on interviews and observation from which case studies are being created. The case studies created in part one will then be used to enlarge and increase upon present theory to grow a survey. This will be directed, using the results already recognized in qualitative research and different other organisations. This will bring the experimental sample to lots of other organisation which is adequate to learn any main defects in the survey. The second data-gathering tool will be a organized survey. The small size of the real people means that the survey can be given in all the organisations to at smallest three key stake holders or alliance frontrunners. Earl suggests a multiple methodology to formulate an information systems strategy. Earls multiple methodologies Earls multiple methodology provides a means of: Clarification of the business needs and strategy in information systems terms. Evaluation of current information systems provision and use. Innovation of new strategic opportunities. 1. Top down clarification Earls definition of a suitable method to clarify business needs in IS terms: ‘A methodology that is easily understood and used by line and general managers, it can cope with varying robustness of business strategy, it does not consume too much time or resource, it can be repeated as circumstances inevitably change and, as a result of these needs and because it could not achieve anything else, it points to directional IS needs and not detailed specifications. The ‘Critical Success factors approach meets many of the requirements of the definition. There are otherssee ‘Strategic Management and Information Systems Wendy Robson See ‘IT Strategy for Business Joe Peppard 2. Bottom Up evaluation Most organisations only have a vague understanding of the potential and capacity of their present IT systems. The technical perspective and backroom perception of IT may create a barrier. To understand the present systems a bottom up analysis is carried out. This involves an audit or survey. As well as the technical detail the user/specialist interface is examined. The value of the system to the organisation must also be ascertained. In this evaluation the following questions must be asked: How reliable is the system? How easy is it to maintain? How cost effective is it? What is the impact on the business? How easy is it to use? How often is it used? What is the state of our specialist user relationship? Other considerations might be the interactivity of the systems. These interactions and the evaluation can be shown graphically using systems maps or other means. The present systems can then be examined for strengths and weaknesses. The top-down business approach and the bottom-up systems approach do not provide an opportunity to exploit radical new ideas for exploiting the competitive advantage of IT. The business approach examines the ‘what and does not examine the ‘hows. The bottom-up approach is constrains radical thinking by the presence of the evaluation process and the strengths and weaknesses of the existing systems. A more detached approach is needed. 3. inside out thinking lateral thinking It is often inspiration and creativity that produces the bright spark ideas that can produce the beginnings of an IS strategy for competitive advantage. Ideas brought from unrelated sectors can often be successfully applied. The right atmosphere must be nurtured to produce this creativity. Runge suggests the following six characteristics associated with IT innovation|: The idea often emanates from a commercial manager. The idea was backed by a senior manager who became the project champion. The competitive advantage was added to an existing system; evolutionary process. The idea was developed outside of the IT control constraints. Customers were involved in the development. The application was given a high profile and was marketed. External Analysis The three legs of Earls multiple methodologies have considered IS strategy from an internal perspective. It is important to also view this strategy from an external point of view i.e. competitors, customers, consumers etc. There are techniques that can help clarify this approach. The SWOTmethod is a suitable candidate that explores both internal and external perspectives. A technique such as SWOT is useful when considering an external view of the three legs of the multiple strategies. Porters five forces model is a useful model for considering the external perspective on IS strategy. Boddy et al suggest that Porters model can be used to construct an IS strategy. Considerations when using the multiple methodologies. The use of methodologies does not mean a ‘cookbook attitude should be taken the implementation of strategies. Methodologies are useful overall frameworks but the context in which they are used needs consideration as well as experience. Experience suggests that: Significant differences existed in different firms; IS strategy formulation inherently seemed a more complex matter in some firms than others; and approaches in practice did not always match either the popular prescriptions or the accounts in case documented articles. Infrastructure-led may emphasise leg 2 bottom-up approach. Business-led may emphasise leg 1 top-down approach. Opportunity-led may emphasise leg 3 inside-out. Alternative approaches There are many other approaches in structuring IS strategy. One such approach is Porters five forces model. This is also useful in conjunction with Earls methodology. The following is reproduced from Body et al. IS changes the basis of competition: opportunities and threats Computer-based information systems are changing competitive conditions in many Indus-tries. There are many tools and techniques which can be used to analyse the relationship between strategy and information systems, depending on their purpose. In this book we can only illustrate one of these approaches, and the Five Forces model originally developed by Michael Porter seems the most appropriate to introduce. It can be used at the level of the individual firm to assess the possible impact of information systems on the competitive position of the firm. A comprehensive account of the many other perspectives on the topic will be found in Robson (1997). Figure 4.5 is based on Porters framework, and a show that IS represents an opportunity to secure a strategic advantage by using it to strengthen one or more of these forces. Similarly, it represents a competitive threat, if other organisations are able to use IS more effectively in these ways. Information systems and the threat of new entrants Managers can use IS on this force by using it to reduce the threat from new entrants by raising barriers, or by using it themselves to enter new markets. Using information systems to raise entry barriers The Caterpillar case illustrates that the manufacturer of the machine links the customer electronically with the service organisation. Because of that electronic link, it is not easy for a customer to go to another service organisation for repair and maintenance. This strengthens Caterpillars position as a manufacturer and as a service provider. The system is so complicated, advanced and expensive that it is hard for existing competitors to imitate. It is even more difficult for new entrants in this market to develop a similar system. The box gives two other examples. In the IS industry itself ‘setting the standard is very important to gaining a strong position. Most customers want to use equipment that has become established as the industry standard. Examples are Microsoft word-processing software, Intel computer chips and Netscape Internet browsers. It is very hard for new entrants to overcome these entry barriers, leading to a winner takes all situation in many sectors of the market. Using IS to enter markets more easily The Caterpillar case illustrates how the company uses its information system to attain a stronger position in the maintenance market. The system can strengthen the relationship with buyers of Caterpillar equipment and provide them with a broad after-sales service. Caterpillar becomes a stronger competitor of independent maintenance companies in new markets. Information systems and the threat of substitutes Companies can use information systems to alter this force by differentiating their products, or by creating new ones which they can use to threaten competitors. Using information systems to differentiate products and services The Caterpillar case shows the company using the information system mainly to improve the speed and quality of customer service. When the system notes deterioration the service starts immediately and the very capital-intensive machine will be repaired soon. This saves the customer a great deal of money. Other companies use the Internet to create and orchestrate active customer communities. Examples include Kraft (www.kraftfoods.com), Intel (www.intel.com), Apple (www.apple.com) and Harley Davidson (www.harley-davidson.com). Through these communities the companies become close to their customers. They can learn and innovate with product or service improvements that would otherwise be impossible. The research summary box below explains why it is essential for information service providers to differentiate their products. Using information systems to create new products and services Telephone and Internet banking are relatively new phenomena which have only become possible with new systems. The same is true of companies that use the power of database technology to offer new services in customer relationship management and direct market-in. Wide Internet access has generated a huge increase in businesses offering new services. These include electronic auctions, search engines, electronic retailers, electronic hubs (Data and Segev, 1999; Timmers, 2000; Kaplan, 2000), and Internet providers. Caterpillar created new maintenance services, and the next box gives another example. Information systems and the bargaining power of suppliers Increasing power of suppliers can increase their power by using information systems to track much more closely the costs of providing services to customers. They can set prices accordingly, or decide that they do not want a particular piece of business. For example, airlines use yield management systems to track actual reservations against traffic forecasts for any flight, and then adjust prices for the remaining seats to maximise revenue. Stepanekz (1999) reports how Weyerhaeuser Doors uses an Internet-based system to, amongst other things; manage orders from its distributors. This allows the company to manage its internal processes more efficiently, but also to assess much more accurately the value of each order, and the overall performance of its distributors. This enables it to refuse unprofitable orders, and to be more selective about the distributors which it supplies. Customer relationship management systems are a currently popular example of suppliers ability to track customers requirements more accuratel y, thus increasing the suppliers power over the customer. Decreasing power of suppliers Information systems can also be used the other way around. Customers can use information systems to strengthen their position in the marketplace at the expense of suppliers power. Ford and General Motors have set up electronic marketplaces and urge their suppliers to use that system to match their supply with the demand of Ford and GM. The Economist (6 November 1999) commented: Ford and GMs e-business revolution will not be confined to them alone. Their decision to go online will ripple through the 50,000 or so firms they trade with. The car makers are careful to say that none of their suppliers will be compelled to use their new portals, preferring simply to express that the benefits-cost savings, the access to new customers, the faster time to market, the sheer value of the information will make it an obvious choice. But the reality is different. Ford and GM are investing a lot in their e-business infrastructure and great hopes are riding on it. Suppliers that want to continue to do business the old way will rapidly become ex-suppliers and before long ex-companies. The next section about the use of information systems to change the power of buyers explores this theme further. This illustrates that information systems are increasingly inter-organisational phenomena, rather than hidden back-office systems. Inter-organisational systems can be used to co-operate as well as to compete with business partners, whether suppliers or customers. Powerful parties tend to urge less powerful ones to adopt their systems. Information systems and the bargaining power of buyers a good example of the balance of power being altered is when retail chains use modern communication technologies to make electronic links with their suppliers. Such systems reduce inventory costs and warehouse expenses and improve fulfilment time and information flows. For instance, they encouraged the further concentration of retailing firms which then had much more power over their suppliers. The retailers computer continually monitors its suppliers finished goods inventories, factory scheduling, and commitments against its schedule. The purpose is to ensure the stores always have adequate stocks. A supplier that is unwilling to join the system is likely to lose business. The box illustrates how Wal-Mart used this idea. More generally, buyers can use the web to access more suppliers, and to compare prices for standard commodities much more widely than was practical with earlier technologies. Information systems and the intensity of rivalry two ways of using information systems in the process of competitive rivalry are by reducing costs and through more effective management. Using IS to reduce costs On-line inventory systems make it possible to make radical changes in manufacturing supply systems. This greatly reduces inventory levels, and the costs associated with them. Car manufacturers are only invoiced for components when the completed assembly leaves the factory. When the system knows that X headlamps have been used, it passes the information to the component supplier. They send an (electronic) invoice for the components used, and supply replacements. There are similar systems in retailing, where suppliers like Unilever and Procter Gamble manage the inventory of their biggest customers. These inter-organisational systems reduce inventory costs but not only through lower inventory levels. They also reduce the need for working capital and allow a (smaller) purchasing department to focus on non-routine orders and strategic supply matters. The Internet enables large companies to transfer their purchasing operations to the web. Secure web sites connect suppliers, business partners and customers all over the world. This makes it easier for new suppliers to bid for a share of the available business, makes costs more transparent, and improves the administrative efficiency of the supply process. Using IS to enable more effective management A travel agents branch accounting system can now provide detailed patterns of business to managers, enabling them to monitor trends more closely, and to take better-informed pricing and promotional decisions. Another example is Ahold, a Dutch retailer, which achieved much greater performance in the supply chain by using its data-mining capability and knowledge extraction in its customer database. Management information systems can expand the span of control of individual managers, which can support the flattening of organisations. These examples show that information systems may become opportunities for creating, supporting or changing generic strategies. On the other hand competitors have similar opportunities there are also costs and risks associated with using information systems in this way. IS can also be a threat New entrants in the financial services sector have been able to introduce telephone bank-in through call centres very quickly. They were able to take advantage of the fact that they did not have an established branch network, and so could use the new technology very quickly. The technology worked to the disadvantage of established banks with many local offices. They found it costly to close branches. The technology was an advantage to the new, a disadvantage to the old. This illustrates a more general point that, for all the potential opportunities, IS can also be a threat. Information systems enable new competition Computer-based information systems represent opportunities for one business and threats to another company. In retailing, large chains have benefited at the expense of smaller shops, large suppliers have benefited at the expense of smaller ones, and large retailers have more power over suppliers. Any use of IS by one company to enter a new market, reduce costs and so on, is a potential threat to a competitor. They lose out if they have not seen the possibility, or have managed implementation less effectively. The London Stock Exchange is threatened by the fact that modern technology allows major institutions to trade shares directly, rather than use the market institution. The problem is increased by the fact that competing exchanges have implemented new information systems more effectively. They are likely to gain a larger share of a smaller market. Information systems place new demands on management time Implementing a major system takes a great deal of management time a cost that managers rarely include when evaluating investments. They require managers to look inward at (important) operational problems of staff, system design, and security. The danger is that they do not look at (even more important) issues of how to use the systems for strategic advantage. In other words: managers are often balancing between a ‘problem orientation and an ‘opportunity orientation. Senior management frequently underestimates the resources required to implement new information systems, especially of managing the many organisational implications. Implementing an information system successfully is difficult many research reports comment on the difficulties of implementing information systems. This is especially true of systems which involve many stakeholders with different interests or those which are innovative in other respects. They often take place in an uncertain environment, from a competitive as well as from a technological point of view. These uncertainties make it difficult to plan a change over a longer time. At the same time, the stakes are getting higher in terms of costs, people and other resources. Even when applications work, there may be downsides Managers often buy in expertise for development, operations and consultancy. These suppliers become the main experts of a companys IS resource. This dependency can be misused. Their lack of knowledge and insight in the organisation causes major problems. They have difficulty in negotiating successfully with the external providers and crucial company knowledge becomes the asset of other companies. References Achterberg, J.S., Gerrit, A. and Heng, M.S.H. (1991) Information systems research in the post-modern period. In Nissen, H.E., Klein, H.K. and Hirschheim, R. (eds.) Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, North Holland. Anderson, M. (1992) Implementing an information infrastructure strategy: the University of Edinburgh experience. University Computing Antill, L. (1991) Selection of a research method. In Nissen, H.E., Klein, H.K. and Hirschheim, R. (eds) Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, North Holland. Baroundi, J.J. and Orlikowski, W.J. (1988) A short form measure of user information satisfaction: pychometric evaluation and notes on use. Journal of Management Information Systems Boaden, R. and Lockett, G. (1991) Information technology, information systems and information management: definition and development. European Journal of Information Systems Breaks, M. (1991) Information systems strategies. British Journal of Academic Librarianship Burrell, G. and Morgan, G. (1979) Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis: Elements of the Sociology of Corporate Life. Ashgate Publishers. Campbell, W.G. and Fiske, D. (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait- multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin Creswell, J.W. (1994) Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Sage Publications.Return to text Fitzgerald, E.P (1993) Success measures for information systems strategic planning. Journal of Strategic Information Systems Galliers, R.D. (1991) Strategic information systems planning: myths reality and guidelines for successful implementation. European Journal of Information Systems

Better Living Through Chemicals :: Environmental Pollution Essays

Better Living Through Chemicals Few things are more important than the air we breathe. From a factual and biological standpoint, there is nothing more important. Before I begin this inquiry, I must disclose that I am not an environmentalist. This is not something I am proud of by any stretch of the imagination. I admire those people who climb old growth trees and reside in the branches for days on end. They do this to save these wonders of nature from developers and road crews. I acknowledge that some of my decisions may appear to be similar to those of an environmentalist but actually, my decisions have often been based on financial concerns. For example, my husband and I have shared one car for the last nine years. I used to let people infer that it was because we did not want to pollute and use up valuable resources. More than anything, I was simply impressed with myself that I could arrange a schedule that worked for two working people. We were working and going to school while relying on one car. O f course, occasionally we relied on public transportation. It wasn’t easy; I used to have to arrive at school at 6:30 am on Fridays for a class that started at 4:00 pm. I made the best of it by using that time to study. A couple of weeks ago we bought a second car. Looking back, I do not know how we managed with just one car for so long. It is easy to forget, and even easier to get used to immediate convenience. There are costs and pay offs in life, always I have been thinking a lot lately about human nature, our environment, what we accept and what we choose to believe. I say ‘choose’ because, if we listen to many scientists, they tell us we are changing our environment, and not for the better. Global warming and greenhouse gasses are a debatable topic. Does this dire situation exist or does it not? Are the icecaps melting, or are they not? It depends on who you talk to. I find this aspect very interesting. According to the Bush administration, we need more study on the issue. I suggest we read and respond to the studies already conducted.

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay

I am going to look at Arthur Miller’s play; set in the 1950’s when social and cultural ideas were very different from today. There was often immigration to America especially from Italy as there was a lot of unemployment and poverty there. People immigrated to America from Italy due to there being more employment opportunities and a better quality of life there; they hoped to earn money to send back to their family still in Italy. The people that organised their immigration would find them jobs so there was a high chance of them being employed and being able to support themselves and their family. In Italian society people tended to mind their own business and keep to themselves, although the honour of the family name was very important. Family structures and connections were also very important. Families would normally put their close family first before anything else, then their wider family and then their friends. This meant that if a member or members of their family were immigrating, they would do as much as possible to help them and take them in. Eddie’s family were like this as they took in Marco and Rodolpho, their wider family, who were immigrating to America and looked after them. By this scene, Catherine and Rodolpho have already planned to get married and Eddie has decided he doesn’t want them to. He has suggested that Rodolpho only wants to marry Catherine so he can get an American passport and implies that Rodolpho is gay. He raises objections and, although Catherine trusts Eddie, she doesn’t know whose side she should be on. This makes the audience wonder for themselves. They don’t know who they should be trusting and whether Rodolpho is gay or just wants to marry Catherine so he can get an American passport. All this time the phone box is softy lit, like a dark cloud that is always hanging over the play, because it is an option that Eddie could take and the audience wonder whether at some point he will. This creates dramatic suspense because the audience are not sure what is going to happen but they also have an idea that the phone box will take a big part in the play. Act two starts with the lighting focused on Alfieri, illuminating him as he tells the story to the audience. He is setting the scene for act two referring to trade practises that are going on at that time: â€Å"a case of Scotch whiskey slipped from a net while being unloaded – as a case of Scotch whisky is inclined to do on the twenty-third of December on Pier Forty-one’. He then goes on to explain that Catherine and Rodolpho are alone together for the first time. This causes the audience to feel suspense because Alfieri has used dramatic irony so they anticipate that something will happen between them but they don’t know what. The lighting then rises on Catherine so the focus is now on her. Rodolpho is watching her, as the audience are, showing that he enjoys being in close proximity to her. They start to talk and, although the talk starts normally, it seems to get more dramatic as it goes along. At the beginning of the conversation the audience and Rodolpho can see that Catherine is bothered about something and we want to know what she is worried about. From the text you can see she is feeling insecure: ‘She looks at him. She seems withdrawn’. Catherine starts to test Rodolpho about whether he only wants to marry her to get an American pasport, which causes the audience to feel dramatic tension. At first Rodolpho takes it as a joke but then begins to see Catherine is being serious and he becomes confused and worried: ‘Rodolpho [his smile vanishing]: When? Catherine: Well†¦ when we get married. Rodolpho [astonished]: You want to be an Italian?’ Through this part of the conversation Catherine and Rodolpho are both still until Rodolpho crosses to the rocker. This not only causes tension because of the sudden movement on stage but also because the rocker is the chair that Eddie sits in as head of the family. Rodolpho then starts talking to Catherine seriously and he becomes exasperated: ‘There’s nothing! Nothing, nothing, nothing. Now tell me what you’re talking about.’ This shows he is confused and bothered by what Catherine is saying and the tension is rising. He repeats ‘nothing, nothing, nothing’ showing emphasis and his Italian way of speaking. As this conversation continues the characters are developing and you can see them at different emotional levels. At this point there is a slight awkward pause as if the characters don’t know what to do or say and the audience feel tension because they don’t know what is going to happen next. It then becomes more intimate as Rodolpho steps closer to Catherine and encourages her to marry him: ‘Once I am a citizen I could work anywhere and I would find better jobs and we would have a house, Catherine’. A View From the Bridge by Arthur Miller Essay In Arthur Miller’s play, â€Å"A View From The Bridge† the character of Alfieri is a very important piece of the play. He leads many different roles throughout the play, and is a very useful tool for letting the audience know what they need to do. In this essay, I will be examining the many different roles of Alfieri during the play, and examining what the effects are of these roles on the play, the other characters and the audience. I will also be looking briefly at the background of where the play is set, and also be looking briefly at the author, Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born in 1915, in Manhattan, New York. In his early years his family were pretty well off, but when the economic depression hit America in 1929, him and his family lost a lot of money and security. They had to move to a much poorer area of New York called Brooklyn. When Arthur Miller eventually left school at 17, he didn’t have enough money or the right qualifications to enter University, and so he tried out a variety of jobs. His many jobs included a waiter, a lorry driver, a crooner on a local radio station and a shipping clerk. He saved all his money, and in 1934 was accepted into Michigan University. He won three awards for playwriting, but was still unemployed when he graduated four years later. During the Second World War, Miller was unable to complete military service due to an old injury he gained, and so instead did manual work at shipyards and some freelance radio scriptwriting. He enjoyed writing plays for live theatre, and his first play, â€Å"The Man Who Had All The Luck,† was first performed in 1949 at Broadway. It later went onto win the â€Å"Theatre Guild National Prize. † His next play, â€Å"All My Sons,† won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award. His two most successful plays, â€Å"Death Of A Salesman† and â€Å"The Crucible† soon followed. He later went onto write the play I am studying: â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † The play is set in Red Hook – a slum next to Brooklyn Bridge, New York. The neighbourhood is very rough, and everybody their looks after themselves primarily and their families. Law and Order are not welcome there, and Lawyers and Priests are generally untrusted people. The bay next to Brooklyn Bridge was a favourite place for immigrants to illegally enter the U. S. A. Between 1820 and 1920, migration to the U. S. A was one of the biggest transportation of people in human history. In those 100 years, more than four million Italians went over to live there, hoping to leave behind the poverty and bad times from where they had previously lived, which in most cases was the South of Italy and Sicily. They migrated because they believed America could offer them more opportunities (including work) than their native land ever could. However, life often wasn’t how they thought it would be. The immigrants were often so desperate for work that employers exploited them, by paying them the bare minimum they could. The jobs themselves were all hard manual labour, which would help America to increase its wealth and power. The immigrants found themselves living in the worst and cheapest housing around, but still thought they were better off in America than they would have been back in Italy or Sicily. Indeed, many Americans distrusted Italians, and believed them to be dangerous and violent. It is this idea of immigrants illegally entering the U. S. A that provides the plot for â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † The play is based around Eddie Carbone, a longshoreman, his wife Beatrice, and Eddie’s niece, Catherine. Eddie is very overly protective of Catherine, and doesn’t really want to let her grow up. Beatrice’s cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, have just entered the U. S. A illegally from Sicily. Eddie and Beatrice agree to hide the cousins in their house. Rodolpho and Catherine become very good friends. Eddie becomes very suspicious of Rodolpho – he accuses him of being gay and only wanting to marry Catherine so he can be a legal citizen of the U.S. A. Eddie tries to warn Catherine of his beliefs about Rodolpho, but she refuses to believe a word of it. Beatrice meanwhile, wants Catherine to grow up and so encourages her to marry Rodolpho. Eddie becomes more and more jealous and angry about the amount of time Catherine and Rodolpho spend together. He visits the local lawyer, Alfieri, and asks him if there is any way he can get rid of Rodolpho legally. Alfieri informs him that there is nothing he can do, and that he should just let Catherine go. The situation starts to grow worse and worse. One night, Eddie comes home drunk. He desperately tries once more to split up Catherine and Rodolpho, but he once again fails. After kissing Catherine and then Rodolpho, Eddie goes to visit Alfieri again. Alfieri once again advises Eddie to just let go of Catherine, but Eddie can’t do it. Instead, he calls the Immigration Bureau and reports Marco and Rodolpho’s illegal entry to the U. S. A. The Immigration Bureau come and arrest Marco and Rodolpho, and after a big fight in the street, Marco spits in Eddie’s face (a huge insult). Alfieri pays bail for the two cousins and then arranges the wedding of Catherine and Rodolpho for the following day. Eddie is furious that Marco spat in his face, and so is desperate for revenge. Marco returns to the house angry for his own revenge, when Eddie turns a knife on Marco. Marco manages to turn the knife around and stab Eddie- who then dies of his injuries. However, it is the character of Alfieri that I will now be focusing on. Alfieri is the first character we meet in the play, which therefore means that everything he says must capture the attention of the audience immediately. In this first opening speech of his, he acts like a special kind of narrator; a character who is filling us in on a brief background of the setting, and setting the scene for the rest of the play. He appears at first walking along the road outside Eddie’s house, which is where the majority of the play is set. He informs the audience about the neighbourhood where the play is set, and tells them that this particular neighbourhood has no place for law and order: â€Å"A lawyer means the law, and in Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten. â€Å" â€Å"A View From the Bridge† by Arthur Miller Essay Wikipedia says honour is the concept of a direct relation between one’s virtues (or â€Å"values†) and their status within society and that justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Honour and justice are in fact the two main issues surrounding Arthur Millers A View from the Bridge. We can see these two elements right at the start of the play, with the story of Vinny Bolzano: the boy who betrayed his family and lost his honour within it. Vinny is in fact the perfect example of the connection between justice and love:†The family had an uncle that they were hidin’ in the house, and he snitched to the Immigration [] he had five brothers and the old father. And they grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him down the stairs – three flights his head was bouncin’ like a coconut. And they spit on him in the street, his own father and his brothers. The whole neighbourhood was crying.† (p.13-15)The importance of honour in this play prevails the law, creating a connection with respect: to be honourable is to be respected. If you do anything dishonourable, you lose respect. That is why Marco and Eddie are so keen to protect their names and reach a ‘just’ conclusion. Codes of honour bind families and the whole neighbourhood with a sense of community. Everyone should look out for one another, to betray someone is the most dishonourable action imaginable. The next part where we see clear evidence of the importance of honour in the Red Hook community is when Eddie tells Beatrice, â€Å"It’s an honour, B. I mean it.†(p..) when discussing the imminent arrival of the cousins in America. Here Eddie is saying he is honoured of letting Beatrices cousins sleep in his house because he knows they would do the same to him. This is a typical immigrant feeling because here Eddie is probably remembering when he too had come to America. Also, already from this point in the story we can see that his feelings for his Italian traditions overcome the American Law because even if Eddie knows the consequences of hosting two illegal immigrants in his house, he thinks about how he is honoured about it. Another evidence of honour in this play is the fact that Eddie finds it impossible to admit his love for Catherine is because he knows how dishonourable it is:ALFIERI: She wants to get married, Eddie. She cant marry you, can she?EDDIE: What are you talkin about, marry me! I dont know what the hell youre talking about!Because of how horrible his feelings seem to him are and how he will be dishonoured by them, he cannot accept them. He cannot accept them because it is not morally and socially correct to fall in love with your niece so this gives us an idea of injustice, of the unjust world we live in, where what Eddie has done it is not acceptable. Alfieri warns Eddie that he will lose the respect of the neighbourhood if he betrays the brothers. â€Å"You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie!†(p.49). It is significant that a lawyer (who we would expect to follow the law) is encouraging Eddie to do something illegal by continuing to keep the brothers hidden, obviously against his own interest. This, again, even in Alfieri, shows us how honour prevails to the law: Eddie will lose his honour if he reports Rodolfo and Marco to the immigration authorities. Marco believes the only honourable course is to punish Eddie when Eddie betrayed the brothers. Alfieri tries to persuade him otherwise: â€Å"To promise not to kill is not dishonourable†(p.59), but Marcos ignorance towards the American law and his sentiments of honour vanquish any fear about breaking the promise he makes to Alfieri. In fact, Marco had given Alfieri his word that he would not harm Eddie, but does so clearly, showing once again that honour is more important than breaking the law. Here, the theme of justice rises once more: Marco finds it wrongful that Eddie can escape punishment and he cannot, making his urge for avenge even stronger. Eddie, however, blindly refuses to believe that he has done anything wrong. He desperately wants to get back his good name after Marco’s accusations caused the neighbourhood to turn away from him: Marco’s got my name – and you run tell him, kid, that he’s gonna give it back to me in front of this neighbourhood, or we have it out.(p.62). The problem is that Marco wants the same thing as Eddie: respect, which is once again connected to honour, they both want apologies from each other which they shall never obtain. The final scene of A View from the Bridge is where Eddie is killed by Marco. One can reflect a lifetime to understand whether this ending is just or not. What we can say is that in the end, natural justice happens. Natural because what has happened is what had to happen: if Eddie wouldnt have died he would have been dishonoured for the rest of his life, just like Vinny Bolzano. I believe his death was chosen by Miller as a simpler way of resolving his problems which would have continued if he would have survived the fight with Marco: with Eddies death, his and everyones travails died too. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridgehttp://www.sparknotes.com/drama/viewbridge/ http://www.eriding.net/amoore/gcse/viewfromthebridge.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/english_literature/dramaviewbridge/ Understanding A View From The Bridge @media print{.pmpro_a-print{display:none;position:absolute;left:-9999px}}A View From The Bridge: Literature Guides - A Research Guide for Students window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.aresearchguide.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=4.9.8"}}; !function(a,b,c){function d(a,b){var c=String.fromCharCode;l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,a),0,0);var d=k.toDataURL();l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,b),0,0);var e=k.toDataURL();return d===e}function e(a){var 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Examine the impact of McCarthyism in †¦ Continue reading A View From The BridgeA Research Guide for Students 0 Comments WordPress Embed HTML EmbedCopy and paste this URL into your WordPress site to embed<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content"><a href="https://www.aresearchguide.com/a-view-from-the-bridge.html">A View From The Bridge</a></blockquote> <script type='text/javascript'> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- !function(a,b){"use strict";function c(){if(!e){e=!0;var a,c,d,f,g=-1!==navigator.appVersion.indexOf("MSIE 10"),h=!!navigator.userAgent.match(/Trident.*rv:11\./),i=b.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content");for(c=0;c<i.length;c++){if(d=i[c],!d.getAttribute("data-secret"))f=Math.random().toString(36).substr(2,10),d.src+="#?secret="+f,d.setAttribute("data-secret",f);if(g||h)a=d.cloneNode(!0),a.removeAttribute("security"),d.parentNode.replaceChild(a,d)}}}var d=!1,e=!1;if(b.querySelector)if(a.addEventListener)d=!0;if(a.wp=a.wp||{},!a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage)if(a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(c){var d=c.data;if(d.secret||d.message||d.value)if(!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(d.secret)){var e,f,g,h,i,j=b.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+d.secret+'"]'),k=b.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+d.secret+'"]');for(e=0;e<k.length;e++)k[e].style.display="none";for(e=0;e<j.length;e++)if(f=j[e],c.source===f.contentWindow){if(f.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===d.message){if(g =parseInt(d.value,10),g>1e3)g=1e3;else if(~~g<200)g=200;f.height=g}if("link"===d.message)if(h=b.createElement("a"),i=b.createElement("a"),h.href=f.getAttribute("src"),i.href=d.value,i.host===h.host)if(b.activeElement===f)a.top.location.href=d.value}else;}},d)a.addEventListener("message",a.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",c,!1),a.addEventListener("load",c,!1)}(window,document); //--><!]]> </script><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://www.aresearchguide.com/a-view-from-the-bridge.html/embed" width="600" height="400" title="&#8220;A View From The Bridge&#8221; &#8212; A Research Guide for Students" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe> Copy and paste this code into your site to embed!function(a,b){"use strict";function c(b,c){a.parent.postMessage({message:b,value:c,secret:g},"*")}function d(){function d(){l.className=l.className.replace("hidden",""),b.querySelector('.wp-embed-share-tab-button [aria-selected="true"]').focus()}function e(){l.className+=" hidden",b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog-open").focus()}function f(a){var c=b.querySelector('.wp-embed-share-tab-button [aria-selected="true"]');c.setAttribute("aria-selected","false"),b.querySelector("#"+c.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","true"),a.target.setAttribute ("aria-selected","true"),b.querySelector("#"+a.target.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","false")}function g(a){var c,d,e=a.target,f=e.parentElement.previousElementSibling,g=e.parentElement.nextElementSibling;if(37===a.keyCode)c=f;else{if(39!==a.keyCode)return!1;c=g}"rtl"===b.documentElement.getAttribute("dir")&&(c=c===f?g:f),c&&(d=c.firstElementChild,e.setAttribute("tabindex","-1"),e.setAttribute("aria-selected",!1),b.querySelector("#"+e.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","true"),d.setAttribute("tabindex","0"),d.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"),d.focus(),b.querySelector("#"+d.getAttribute("aria-controls")).setAttribute("aria-hidden","false"))}function h(a){var c=b.querySelector('.wp-embed-share-tab-button [aria-selected="true"]');n!==a.target||a.shiftKey?c===a.target&&a.shiftKey&&(n.focus(),a.preventDefault()):(c.focus(),a.preventDefault())}function i(a){var b,d=a.target;b=d.hasAttribute("href")?d.getAttribute("href"):d.parentElemen t.getAttribute("href"),b&&(c("link",b),a.preventDefault())}if(!k){k=!0;var j,l=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog"),m=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog-open"),n=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-share-dialog-close"),o=b.querySelectorAll(".wp-embed-share-input"),p=b.querySelectorAll(".wp-embed-share-tab-button button"),q=b.querySelector(".wp-embed-featured-image img");if(o)for(j=0;j

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